Plants Used 1600-1775 [zone 4]• Native plant    
Scientific nameCommon NameHeightSpreadTextureSeasonal interest
Annuals     
Anemone coronariaWind Poppy10"6"MediumLate Spring
Amaranthus tricolorJoseph's Coat Amaranth18"-60"18"-24"MediumSummer
Calendula officinalisPot Marigold12"-18"12"-18"MediumAll Summer
Consolida ajacisLarkspur24"-48"!2'-24'FineSummer
Callistephus chinensisChina Aster6"-36"8"-10"MediumSummer-Fall
Cheriathus cheirii (Erysimum asperum)English Wallflower15"-18"9"Med. FineMidsummer
Convolvulus tricolorMorning Glory8"-12"8"-12"MediumSpring-Fall
Dianthus caryophyllusWild Carnation10"-12"18"-24"FineMidsummer
Dianthus chinensisChinese Pink6"-12"6"-12"Med. FineLate Spring
Gypsophila paniculataBaby's Breath12"-24"12"-24"FineEarly Summer
Gomphrena globosaGlobe Amaranth24"24"MediumSummer-Fall
Heliotropium arborescensHeliotrope12'-18'12"-15"MediumSummer
Hyacinthoides orientalisHyacinth6"-10"9"MediumSpring
Iberis amaraCandytuft12"6"FineSpring-Summer
Iberis umbellataGlobe Candytuft8"-16"12"FineSummer
Impatiens balsaminaGarden Balsam12"-18"8"-10"MediumSummer-Fall
Ipomoea purpureaMorning GloryVine MediumSummer
Matthiola bicornisNight-Scented Stock15"8"MediumSummer-Fall
Matthiola incanaCommon Stock12"-30"8"-12"MediumEarly-Midsummer
Molucella laevisBells of Ireland36"12"MediumSummer
Nicotiana sylvestrisFlowering Tobacco60"30"MediumSummer
Nigella damascenaDamask Nigella18"18"FineSummer
Omphalodes linifoliaVenus Navelwort6"-12"10"MediumSummer
Origanum marjoranaSweet Marjoram12"12"FineMid-Late Summer
Papaver somniferumOpium Poppy24"-36"18"FineEarly Summer
Physalis alkekengiChinese Lantern18"-24"18"-24"CoarseLate Summer
Primula x polyanthaPrimrose12"12"CoarseSpring
Primula verisCowslip6"10"CoarseSpring
Reseda odorataCommon Mignonette24"12"MediumSummer-Fall
Ricinus communisCastor Oil Plant144"72"CoarseSummer-Fall
Silene armeriaCampion12"6"Med. FineSummer
Tagetes erectaAfrican Marigold18"18"MediumSummer-Fall
Tanacetum partheniumFetherfew, (Feverfew)24"18"FineMid-Late Summer
Trigonella foenum-graecumFenugreek24"24"MediumSummer
Tropaeolium majusNasturtium  MediumSummer
Biennials     
Alcea roseaHollyhock24"-108"18"CoarseSummer-Fall
Angelica archangelicaAngelica60"- 96"36"MediumEarly-Midsummer
Campanula mediumCanterbury Bells24"-36"12"MediumEarly Summer
Centaurea moschataSweet Sultan24"12"MediumSummer-Fall
Dianthus barbatusSweet William18"6"FineEarly Summer
Digitalis luteaFoxglove24"18"CoarseEarly Summer
Digitalis purpureaFoxglove24"-60"24"CoarseEarly Summer
Hesperis matronalisDame's Rocket36"- 48"24"MediumEarly Summer
Isatis tinctoriaDyer's Woad48"18"MediumLate Spring
Oenothera biennisEvening Primrose60"36"CoarseSummer
Perennials • native     
Achillea millefoliumYarrow24"18"FineSummer
Achillea ptarmicaSneezewort30"18"FineMid-Late Summer
Aconitum napellusMonkshood36"-48"12"-18"MediumMid-Late Summer
Acorus calamus• Sweet flag48"36"CoarseSpring
Ajuga reptansBlue bugle8"8"MediumSpring
Alchemilla molisLady's mantle18"18"CoarseLate Spring
Anthemis tinctoriaDyer's chamomile36"24"FineSummer
Aquilegia vulgarisColumbine36"18"FineLate Spring
Armeria maritima• Thrift, Sea Pink4"12"FineSpring
Artemesia absinthiumWormwood36"36"Med.FineLate Summer
Asarum canadense• Canadian Wild Ginger6"-12"12"CoarseMid-Spring
Asclepias tuberosa• Butterfly Weed24"-36"24"CoarseSpring-Summer
Aster lateriflorusAster24"-36"18"FineLate Summer-Fall
Aster novae-angliae• New England Aster36"-60"24"MediumLate Summer-Fall
Aster novae-belgii• New York Aster12"-36"12"MediumLate Summer-Fall
Astrantia majorMasterwort24"-36"18"MediumLate Spring
Aubrieta deltoideaFalse Rock Cress6"24"FineEarly-Mid Spring
Bellis perennisDaisy6"6"MediumSpring
Camassia scilloides• Wild Hyacinth12"-36" MediumSpring
Campanula persicifoliaWillow Bellflower24"- 36"18"FineLate Spring
Chamaemelum nobileChamomile6"- 12"9"FineSpring-Summer
Cimicifuga racemosa• Black Cohosh, Snakeroot48"-72"24"-48"FineMid-Summer
Chelone lyonii• Pink Turtlehead36"24"MediumLate Summer-Fall
Convallaria majalisLily-of-the-valley8"8"MediumMidspring
Coreopsis lanceolataTickseed18"-"12"-18"FineAll Summer
Coreopsis verticillataWhorled Tickseed24"-36"24"FineSpring Summer
Crocus vernusDutch Crocus6"4"MediumEarly Spring
Cyclamen coumCyclamen [container]4"5"MediumWinter, Spring
Delphinium alpinumLarkspur, Delphinium48"-72"24"FineEarly-Midsummer
Dianthus plumariusCottage Pink12"18"-24"FineEarly Summer
Dictamnus albusGas Plant24"-36"24"-36"MediumEarly Summer
Echinacea purpurea• Purple Coneflower24"-48"24"MediumSummer
Echinops ritroSmall Globe Thistle36"-48"24"-36"MediumSummer
Erythronium denscanisTrout Lily4"-6"4"MediumSpring
Eupatorium purpureumJoe Pye Weed60"-72"36"-48"CoarseLate Summer, Fall
Filipendula ulmariaMeadowsweet48"36FineEarly-Midsummer
Fritillaria meleagrisCheckered Lily9"-15"6"-9"MediumSpring
Galanthus nivalisCommon Snowdrop6"6"FineEarly Spring
Galax urceolataWandflower12"-18"creepingMediumEvergreen
Geranium pratenseMeadow Cranesbill24"18"MediumEarly Summer
Helenium autumnale• Sneezeweed30"-72"36"MediumLate Summer
Hellbous nigerChristmas Rose15"-18"15"MediumEarly Spring
Hemerocallis fulvaTawny Daylily36"30"MediumMid-Late Summer
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelusLemon Daylily30"36"MediumMid-Late Summer
Heuchera americana• American Alumroot12"18"MediumEarly Summer
Heuchera sanguinea• Coral Bells12"-20"12"MediumEarly Summer
Hyacinth orientalisHyacinth6"-10"6"MediumSpring
Iberis sempervirensCandytuft6"-12"24"FineSpring
Iris germanicaCommon Flag Iris [blue]36"18"MediumSpring
I. germanica 'Florentina'German Iris [white]36"18"MediumSpring
Iris pallidaSweet Iris, Orris root36"48"MediumEarly Summer
Iris pseudacorusYellow flag Iris"Up to 60"24"MediumEarly Summer
Iris sibericaSiberian Iris36"24"FineLate Spring
Lathyrus latifoliusSweet Peavine72"MediumSummer
Lilium martagonTurk's Cap Lily48"-72"24"MediumSummer
Lilium pyrenaicumYellow Lily48"24"MediumEarly Summer
Linum perenneGarden Flax (zone 5)24"18"FineSummer
Lobelia cardinalis• Cardinal Flower36"-48"24"MediumSummer
Lupinus perennis• Wild Lupine12"8"MediumEarly Summer
Lychnis chalcedonicaMaltese Cross24"-36"18"MediumSummer
Lychnis coronariaDusty Miller24"-36"18"MediumEarly Summer
Lysimachia punctataYellow Loosestrife30"30"MediumEarly Summer
Mertensia virginica• Virginia Bluebells12"-24"18"MediumEarly Spring
Monarda didymaBee Balm24"-36"18"MediumSummer
Monarda fistulosaWild Bergamot48"24"MediumSummer
Muscari botryoidesGrape Hyacinth8"8"FineEarly Spring
Muscari comusumTassel Grape Hyacinth24"12"FineEarly Spring
Myosotis sylvaticaForget-me-not6"-8"6"FineSpring
Narcissus jonquillaJonquil15"12"MediumEarly-mid Spring
Narcissus x odorusWild Narcissus18"12"MediumMid-Spring
Narcissus poeticusPoeticus Daffodil18"12"MediumEarly Summer
Narcissus pseudonarcissusWild daffodil, Lent Lily18"12"MediumSpring
Nepeta racemosaCatmint12"12"FineEarly Summer
Paeonia officinalisPeony30"30"CoarseEarly Summer
Papaver orientaleOriental Poppy18"-36"12"MediumEarly Summer
Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy [zone 5]24"12"FineEarly Summer
Phalaris arundinaceaRibbon grass [invasive]24"-36"24"FineEarly Summer
Phlox divaricata• Wild Sweet William12"8"MediumEarly Summer
Phlox paniculataPerennial Phlox24"-48"24"MediumEarly Fall
Phlox subulataMoss Phlox4"8"FineSpring
Physostegia virginiana• Obedience Plant24"-48"12"-36"FineLate Summer-Fall
Platycodon grandiflorusBalloon Flower24"-36"12"MediumSummer
Pontederia cordataPickerelweed [water plant]30"18"MediumSummer
Primula vulgarisCommon primrose6"-12"12"CoarseSpring
Pulmonaria spLungwort12"-24"18"-24"CoarseSpring
Pulsatilla vulgarisPasque Flower [zone 5]10"-12'"12"MediumEarly-Mid Spring
Ranunculus pleniflorusButtercup24"18"MediumMid-Late Summer
Salvia pratensisMeadow Sage36"30"MediumLate Summer
Sanguinaria canadensis• Bloodroot8"12"MediumSpring
Saponaria officinalisSoapwort [trailing habit]4"-10"10"MediumLate Spring
Scilla sibericaSiberian Squill6"6"FineEarly Spring
Sempervivum tectorumHouseleek, Hens & chicks3"4"MediumMidsummer
Symphytum asperumPrickly Comfrey [zone 5]60" MediumSpring-Summer
Tanacetum vulgareTansy36"-48"24"-36"MediumMid-Late Summer
Tiarella cordifoliaFoamflower6"-12"12"-24"CoarseMid-Spring
Tradescantia x andersonianaVirginia Spiderwort18"-24"24"MediumSummer
Trillium grandiflorumGreat White Trillium18"-24"24"MediumEarly Spring
TulipaCottage Tulip12"-30"6"MediumLate Spring
TulipaRembrandt Tulip 6"MediumLate Spring
Valeriana officinalisCat's Valerian48"36"MediumSummer
Veronica officinalisCommon Speedwell18"24"MediumEarly Summer
Veronica prostrataHarebell Speedwell8"8"MediumEarly Summer
Veronica spicataSpike speedwell24"36"MediumSummer
Viola tricolorWild Violet, Hearts Ease6"6"MediumSpring
Perennial Herbs     
Agastache foeniculumAnise Hyssop [zone 5]36"18"MediumLate Summer
Allium schoenoprasum• Chives [zone 5]10"18"FineSpring-Summer
Armoracia lapathifoliaHorseradish18"24"MediumSummer
Artemisia abrotanumSouthernwood48"18"FineLate Summer
Artemisia absinthiumWormwood36"36"FineLate Summer
A. dracunculus 'Sativa'French Tarragon [zone 5]60"36"FineSummer
Artemesia ponticaWormwood18"18"FineSummer
Chamaemelum nobileChamomile [zone 5]12"8"FineSpring-Fall
Cichorium intybusCommon chicory, radicchio12"12"CoarseSummer
Foeniculum vulgareFennel48"24"FineSummer
Galium odoratumSweet Woodruff6"-8"6"-8"MediumLate Spring
Galium verumLady's Bedstraw12"48"FineSummer-Fall
Hyssop officinalisHyssop24"18"FineSummer
Lavandula angustifoliaEnglish Lavender [zone 512'-24'12"-24"FineSummer
Levisticum officinaleLovage72"36"MediumSummer
Marrubium vulgareCommon Horehound18"12"-18"MediumSummer-Fall
Melissa officinalisLemon Balm36"36"MediumSummer
Menthe x piperitaPeppermint24"24"MediumSpring
Menthe pulegiumPennyroyal [potted]4"18"MediumLate Summer
Menthe spicataSpearmint [invasive]24"18"MediumSpring
Myrrhis odorataSweet Cicely [zone 5]72"60"MediumEarly Summer
Nepeta catariaCatnip [invasive]18"-36"24"FineEarly Summer
Origanum vulgareMarjoram [zone 5]24"18"-24"FineSummer
Petroselinum crispumParsley6"-12"12"-15"FineSpring-Fall
Pycnanthemum pilosumMountain Mint36"-60"36"MediumSummer
Rosmarinus officinalisRosemary [potted]3'-8'3'-5'FineSummer
Rumex scutatusFrench Sorrel [zone 5]24"12"MediumSpring-Fall
Ruta graveolensCommon Rue24"-36"24"-30"FineMidsummer
Salvia officinalisGarden Sage18"-24"18"MediumEarly-Midsummer
Salvia azureaBlue Sage36"-60"36"-60"FineSummer-Fall
Sanguisorba canadensisBurnet48"-60"36"CoarseLate Summer
Sanguisorba officinalisGreat Burnet48"36"CoarseSummer-Fall
Satureja montanaWinter Savory12"12"FineMid-Late Summer
Stachys officinalisWood Betony [zone 5]36"30"CoarseSpring-Summer
Tanacetum vulgareCommon Tansy60"30"-48"MediumSummer
Taraxacrum officinaleDandelion9"-12"12"MediumSpring-Fall
Teucrium chamaedrysGermander12"-24"24"-36"MediumEarly-Midsummer
Thymus serpyllumWild Creeping Thyme6"18" mat"FineLate Spring
Thymus vulgarisCommon Thyme [zone 5]12"12"FineSummer
Urtica dioicaStinging Nettle36"-72"36"-72"Med.FineSummer
Shrubs • Native     
Aesculus parviflora• Bottlebrush Buckeye8'-12'8'-15'CoarseSummer
Amorpha fruiticosa• Indigobush Amorpha6'-20'5'-15'MediumEarly Summer
Aronia arbutifolia• Red Chokeberry6'-10'3'-5'MediumAll Seasons
Aronia melanocarpa• Black Chokeberry3'-5'3'-5'MediumFall
Berberis vulgarisCommon Barberry6'-10'5'-8'Med.FineSpring
Buxus sempervirens 'suffruticosa'Common Boxwood [zone 515'-20'15'-20'FineEvergreen
Buxus koreanaKorean Boxwood [zone5]3'-4'3'-4'FineEvergreen
Calluna vulgarisScotch Heather4"-24"24"FineSummer-Fall
Calycanthus floridus• Common Sweetshrub6'-9'6'-12'MediumEarly Summer
Caragana arborescensSiberian Peashrub15'-20'12'-18'CoarseSpring
Caragana frutexRussian Peashrub6'-9'5'-10'CoarseSpring
Caragana pygmaePygmy Peashrub2 1/2'3 3/4'-5'MediumSpring
Ceanothus americanus• New Jersey Tea3'-4'3'-5'MediumSummer
Chamaedaphne calycuta• Leatherleaf2'-5'2'-5'MediumSpring
Clethra alnifolia• Summersweet4'-8'4'-6'MediumSummer
Comptonia peregrina• Sweetfern2'-4'4'-8'Med.-FineSpring
Cornus albaTatarian Dogwood8'-10'5'-10'MediumAll seasons
Cornus alternifolia• Pagoda Dogwood15'-25'20'-40'MediumAll Seasons
Cornus amomum• Silky Dogwood6'-10'6'-10'MediumSummer
Cornus asperifolia• Roughleaf Dogwood15'15'MediumSummer
Cornus canadensis• Bunchberry3"-9"SpreadingMed. FineSummer
Cornus florida• Flowering Dogwood [zone5]3'-4'5'-6'MediumSpring
Cornus racemosa• Gray Dogwood10'-15'10'-15'Med. FineEarly Summer
Cornus sanguineaBloodtwig Dogwood6'-15'6'-15'CoarseSpring
Cornus sericea• Redosier Dogwood7'-9'10'MediumAll Seasons
Corylus cornuta• Beaked Filbert4'-8'4'-8'MediumFall
Cotinus coggygriaCommon Smoketree10'-15'10'-15'MediumEarly Summer
Daphne cneorumRose Daphne6"-12"2'Med. FineEvergreen
Daphne mezereumFebruary Daphne3'-5'3'-5'MediumSpring, Summer
Diervilla lonicera• Dwarf Bush-honeysuckle3'-5'3'-5'MediumSummer
Dirca palustris• Leatherwood3'-6'3'-6'MediumSpring, Fall
Euonymus atropurpureus• Eastern Wahoo12'-24'10'-20'MediumSpring, Fall
Hibiscus syriacusRose of Sharon [zone 5]12'3'-5'Med. CoarseSummer
Hypericum prolificum• Shrubby St. Johnswort1'-4'1'-4'Med.-FineSummer
Hypericum kalmianum• Kalm St. Johnswort2'-3'2'-3'Med. FineSummer
Hydrangea arborescens• Smooth Hydrangea3'-5'3'-5'CoarseSummer-Fall
Iberis sempervirensCandytuft6"-12"SpreadingFineSpring
Ilex glabra• Inkberry6'-8'8'-10'MediumEarly Summer
Ilex verticillata• Winterberry6'-10'6'-10'MediumAll Seasons
Juniperus communis• Common Juniper5'-10'8'-12'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus sabinaSavin Juniper4'-6'5'-10'MediumEvergreen
Kalmia angustifolia• Sheep Laurel1'-3'1'-3'MediumSummer
Kalmia latifolia• Mountain Laurel7'-15'7'-15'MediumEarly Summer
Ledum groenlandicum• Labrador Tea2'-4'2'-4'Med.FineLate Spring
Lonicera tataricaTatarian Honeysuckle10'-12'10'MediumSpring
Lonicera xylosteumEuropean Fly Honeysuckle8'-10'10'-12'MediumSpring, Summer
Mitchella repens• Partridgeberry2"SpreadingFineSpring, Evergreen
Myrica pensylvanica• Northern Bayberry9'9'Med.-fineSpring-Fall
Paenia suffruticosaTree Peony3'-6'3'-6'MediumSpring
Prunus cerasiferaCherry Plum15'-30'15'-25'MediumSpring-Fall
Prunus maritima• Beach Plum6'3'MediumSpring-Fall
Philadelphus coronariusMock Orange10'-12'10'-12'CoarseSummer
Physocarpus opulifolius• Common Ninebark5'-10'6'-10'Med.CoarseEarly Summer
Potentilla fruticosa• Bush Cinquefoil1'-4'2'-4'FineSummer-Fall
Prunus tenellaDwarf Russian Almond2'-5'3'-6'MediumSpring
Prunus virginiana• Common Chokecherry20'18'MediumSpring
Rhododendron canadense• Canada Rhododendron3'-4'3'-4'MediumSpring
Rhododendron periclydmenoides• Pinxterbloom Azalea2'-10'2'-6'MediumSpring
Rhododendron viscosum• Swamp Azalea1'-8'3'-8'MediumSpring
Rhus aromatica• Fragrant Sumac2'-6'6'-10'MediumAll Seasons
Rhus copallina• Dwarf Sumac5'5'MediumSummer-Fall
Rhus glabra• Smooth Sumac10'-15'10'-15'MediumSpring-Fall
Rhus toxicodendron• Poison Oak36"36"MediumSpring
Rhus typhina• Staghorn Sumac15'-25'15'-25'MediumSummer-Fall
Ribes alpinumAlpine Currant3'-6'4'-7'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Ribes nigrumBlack currant [zone 5]6'5'FineSummer
Ribes odoratum• Clove Currant6'-8'6'MediumSpring
Robinia hispidaRoseacacia Locust [zone 5]6'-10'6'FineSummer
Rosa blanda• Meadow Rose4'-5'4'-5'MediumMidsummer
Rosa foetidaAustrian Briar Rose6'-7'5'-6'MediumEarly Summer
Rosa rugosaRugosa Rose4'-6'4'-6'MediumSummer-Fall
Rosa gallicaFrench Rose [zone 530"4'MediumSpring
Rosa palustrisSwamp Rose6'6'MediumSummer
Rosa roxburghiiChestnut rose [zone 5]6'5'MediumSummer
Rosa spinosissimaScotch Rose3'-4'4'-5'MediumEarly Summer
Rosa 'York and Lancaster'Damask Rose [zone 5]4'-6'4'-6'MediumSummer-Fall
Rubus odoratusOrnamental Raspberry4'-10'2'-4'MediumSummer
Rubus idaeusRaspberry5'5'MediumMidsummer
Salix capreaPussy Willow15'-25'12'-15'MediumSpring
Salix purpureaPurple Osier Willow8'-10'8'-10'FineSpring-Fall
Sambucus canadensis• American Elder5'-12'8'-15'MediumLate Summer
Sambucus racemosaEuropean Red Elder8'-12'8'-12'MediumSpring-Summer
Shepherdia canadensis• Russet Buffaloberry6'-8'3'-9'MediumSpring
Sorbaria sorbifoliaUral Falsespirea5'-10'5'-10'MediumSummer
Staphylea trifolia• American Bladdernut10'-15'8'-12'MediumSpring-Fall
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus• Indian Currant2'-5'4'-8'MediumFall-Winter
Syringa x persicaPersian Lilac4'-8'5'-10'MediumSpring
Syringa vulgarisCommon Lilac8'-15'6'-12'MediumSpring
Taxus canadensis• Canadian Yew3'-6'6'-8'MediumEvergreen
Vaccinium angustifolium• Lowbush Blueberry6"-2'"2'MediumLate Summer, Fall
Vaccinum corymbosum• Highbush Blueberry6'-12'8'-12'MediumSpring-Fall
Vaccinium macrocarpon• American Cranberry2"-6"'"3'MediumSummer-Fall
Vaccinium stamineumDeerberry [zone 5]3'-15'2'-10MediumSummer-Fall
Viburnum acerifolium• Maple-leaved Viburnum4'-6'4'MediumEarly Summer
Viburnum cassinoides• Witherod Viburnum5'-10'5'-10'MediumLate Summer
Viburnum dentatum• Arrowwood Viburnum6'-15'6'-15'MediumEarly Summer
Viburnum lantanaWayfaring Tree10'-15'10'-15'MediumSpring
Viburnum lentago• Nannyberry15'-18'10' +MediumSpring, Fall
Viburnum opulusCranberry Bush8'-12'10'-15'MediumSpring
Viburnum opulus var. roseumGuelder Rose10'-12'10'-15'MediumSpring-Fall
Viburnum prunifolium• Blackhaw12'-15'8'-12'MediumSpring-Fall
Xanthorhiza simplicissima• Yellowroot2'-3'2'-5'MediumSpring-Fall
Yucca glauca• Small Soapweed6'3'-4'MediumSpring, Fall
Yucca filamentosa• Adams Needle-and-thread6'6'MediumSummer
Vines • Native     
Celastrus scandens• American bittersweet20'+ MediumSummer-Fall
Clematis virginiana• Virginsbower12'-20' MediumSummer-Fall
Clematis viticellaItalian Clematis [zone 5]10' MediumLate Summer
Epigaea repens• Trailing Arbutus4"-6"2'MediumSpring
Hedera helixEnglish Ivy6"-8"90'MediumGrowing Season
Lathyrus latifoliusPerennial Sweet Pea4"8'MediumSummer
Lonicera sempervirens• Coral Honeysuckle10'-20' MediumSpring-Summer
Lonicera periclymenumWoodbine10'-20' MediumSpring
Menispermum canadense• Common Moonseed10'-15' MediumSummer
Parthenocissus quinquefolia• Virginia Creeper30'-50' MediumSpring-Fall
Smilax rotundifoliaGreen-briar vine  MediumSpring-Fall
Vinca minorPeriwinkle3"-6"spreadingMed. FineSpring-Fall
Wisteria sinensisWisteria [zone 5]20'-30' MediumEarly Summer
Trees • Native     
Abies balsamea• Balsam Fir45'-75'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Acer negundo• Box Elder30'-50'35'-55'MediumSummer
Acer pensylvanicum• Striped Maple15'-20'15'-20'Med.CoarseFall
Acer platanoidesNorway Maple40'-50'30'-40'MediumSpring-Fall
Acer pseudoplatanusPlanetree Maple40'-60'30'-60'MediumSpring-Fall
Acer saccharinum• Silver Maple50'-70'35'-45'MediumSpring-Fall
Acer saccharum• Sugar Maple60'-75'45'-60'MediumFall
Acer spicatum• Mountain Maple10'-30'10'-30'MediumSpring-Fall
Acer tataricumTatarian Maple15'-20'15'-20'MediumFall
Aesculus flava• Yellow Buckeye60'-75'50'-65'Med.CoarseSpring, Fall
Aesculus hippocastanumHorsechestnut50'-75'40'-70'Med.CoarseSpring
Alnus glutinosaCommon Alder40'-60'20'-40'Medium4 Season
Alnus incana 'Pendula'White Alder40'-60'20'-40'Medium4 Season
Alnus rugosa• Speckled Alder15'-25'12'-18'Coarse4 Season
Amelanchier arborea• Juneberry, Shadbush15'-25'15'-25'Med. FineSpring
Aralia spinosa• Devil's Walking Stick10'-30'10'-35'MediumLate Summer
Betula lenta• Sweet Birch40'-55'35'-45'MediumSpring
Betula nigra• River Birch40'-70'40'-60'Medium4 Season
Betula papyrifera• Paper Birch50'-70'35'-55'MediumFall-Winter
Betula pendulaEuropean White Birch40'-50'20'-33'MediumSpring-Fall
Carpinus betulusCommon Hornbeam40'-60'30'-40'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Carya cordiformis• Bitternut Hickory50'-75'25'-35'MediumSpring, Fall
Carya glabra• Pignut Hickory50'-60'25'-35'MediumSpring, Fall
Carya ovata• Shagbark Hickory60'-80'30'-45'MediumSummer-Fall
Carya tomentosa• White Hickory50'-60'25'-35'MediumSummer, Fall
Catalpa speciosa• Western Catalpa40'-60'20'-40'CoarseEarly Summer
Celtis occidentalis• Common Hackberry40'-60'40'-60'MediumSpring
Cercis canadensis• Eastern Redbud20'-30'25'-35'Med. coarseSpring
Chamaecyparis thyoides• White Cedar40'-50'10'-20'MediumEvergreen
Chionanthus virginicus• White Fringetree25'-30'25'-30'Med. coarseSpring
Cornus masCornelian Cherry20'-2515'-20'MediumEarly Spring
Corylus cornutaTurkish Filbert40'-50'15'-35'MediumFall
Cotinus coggygriaSmokebush10'-15'10'-15'MediumSummer
Crataegus crusgalli• Cockspur Hawthorn20'-30'20'-35'Med. FineSpring
Crataegus mollis• Downy Hawthorn20'-30'25'-35'MediumSpring, Fall
Crataegus phaenopyrum• Washington Hawthorn25'-30'20'25'MediumSummer, Fall
Eleagnus angustifoliaRussian Olive12'-15'12'-15'Med.-FineAll Seasons
Fagus sylvaticaEuropean Beech50'-60'35'-45'MediumSpring-Fall
Fraxinus americana• White Ash50'-80'50'-80'MediumFall
Gleditsia triacanthos• Honey Locust30'-70'30'-70'FineSpring, Fall
Gymnocladus dioica• Kentucky Coffeetree60'-75'90'Med. coarseSummer
Halesia tetraptera• Carolina Silverbell25'-40'20'-35'MediumMid-Late Spring
Hamamelis virginiana• Witch Hazel20'-30'20'-25'Med. coarseFall
Hippphae rhamnoidesCommon Seabuckthorn8'-30'10'-40'Med. FineSummer-Winter
Juglans cinera• Butternut40'-60'30'-50'MediumFall
Juglans nigra• Black Walnut50'-75'50'-75MediumFall
Juniperus chinensisChinese Juniper50'-60'15'-20'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus virginiana• Red Cedar40'-50'8'-20'MediumEvergreen
Laburnum anagyroidesCommon Laburnum25'25'MediumEarly Summer
Larix deciduaCommon Larch70'-75'20'-30'MediumSpring-Fall
Larix laricina• Tamarack40'-80'15'-30'Fine-CoarseSpring-Fall
Liriodendron tulipifera• Tulip Poplar70'-90'35'-50'MediumSpring, Fall
Magnolia acuminata• Cucumber Tree50'-80'50'-80'Med.CoarseSpring
Magnolia tripetala• Umbrella Magnolia15'-30'15'-30'MediumEarly Spring
Malus coronariaWild sweet Crabapple20'-30'25'-35'MediumLate Spring
Malus pumilaCommon Apple20'20'MediumSpring, Fall
Mespilus germanicaShowy Mespilus20'25'MediumSpring, Fall
Morus albaWhite Mulberry30'-50'25'-45'CoarseSummer, Fall
Nyssa sylvatica• Black Gum30'-50'20'-30'MediumSummer, Fall
Ostrya virginiana• Hornbeam, Ironwood25'-40'20'-30'Med. FineSummer
Picea abiesNorway Spruce40'-60'25'-30'MediumEvergreen
Picea glauca• White Spruce40'-60'10'-20'MediumEvergreen
Pinus nigraAustrian Pine50'-60'20'-40'Med.CoarseEvergreen
Pinus resinosa• Red Pine50'-80'25'-40'MediumEvergreen
Pinus rigida• Pitch Pine40'-60'30'-50'MediumEvergreen
Pinus sylvestrisScotch Pine30'-60'30'040'MediumEvergreen
Pinus strobus• Eastern White Pine50'-80'20'-40'Med. FineEvergreen
Pinus virginiana• Scrub Pine15'-40'10'-30'MediumEvergreen
Platanus occidentalis• Planetree, Sycamore75'-100'75'-100'CoarseSummer
Populus deltoides• Eastern Poplar75'-100'50'-75'Med.CoarseSummer
Populus grandidentata• Bigtooth Aspen50'-70'20'-40'MediumSummer, Fall
Prunus americana• American Red Plum15'-25'10'-15'MediumSpring
Prunus aviumMazzard Cherry30'-40'30'-40'MediumSpring
Prunus cerasiferaCherry Plum15'-30'15'-25'MediumSpring, Summer
Prunus cerasusSour Cherry15'-30'15'-25'MediumSpring
Prunus nigra• Canadian Plum20'-30'18'-25'MediumSpring
Prunus padusEuropean Birdcherry30'-40'30'-40'MediumSpring, Summer
Prunus pennsylvanica• Wild Red Cherry25'-40'18'-25'MediumEarly Summer
Prunus serotina• Black Cherry50'-60'45'-55'MediumSpring-Fall
Prunus virginiana• Common Chokecherry20'-30'18'-25'MediumSpring
Ptelea trifoliata• Wafer-ash15'-20'15'-20'MediumSpring-Fall
Pyrus communisCommon Pear30'-50'20'-35'MediumSpring-Fall
Quercus alba• White Oak50'-80'50'-80'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus coccinea• Scarlet Oak70'-80'40'-50'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus palustris• Pin Oak60'-70'25'-40'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus prinus• Chestnut Oak60'-70'60'-70'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus roburEnglish Oak75'-100'75'-100'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus velutina• Black, Yellow Oak100'80'MediumAll Seasons
Robinia pseudoacaia• Common Locust30'-50'20'-35'FineSpring
Salix albaWhite Willow75'-100'50'-100'FineSpring-Fall
Salix alba var. vitellinaYellow Willow75'-100'50'-100'FineSpring-Fall
Salix pentandraBay Willow35'-35'25'-30'FineSpring, Summer
Salix purpureasBasket Willow20'20'FineSpring
Sambucus canadensis• American Elder5'-12'5'-12'MediumSummer
Sassafras albidum• Common Sassafras30'-60'25'-40'MediumFall
Sophora japonicaScholar Tree50'-75'50'-75'Med.FineSummer
Sorbus aucupariaEuropean Mountainash20'-40'18'-35'Med.FineFall
Taxodium distichum• Baldcypress50'-70'20'-30'Med. FineSpring
Thuja occidentalis• American Arborvitae40'-60'10'-15'Med. FineEvergreen
Tilia americana• American Linden60'-80'30'-60'CoarseSummer
Tilia cordataLittleleaf Linden60'-70'30'-50'MediumSummer
Tilia tomentosaSilver Linden60'-70'30'-50'MediumSummer
Tsuga canadensis• Canada Hemlock40'-70'25'-35'FineEvergreen
Ulmus americana• American Elm60'-80'30'-60'MediumFall
Zanthoxylum americanum• Prickly-ash15'-25'20'-30'MediumSummer

Plants Introduced     
1776-1849• Native plant    
Scientific nameCommon NameHeightSpreadTextureSeasonal int
Annuals     
Amaranthus hypochondriacusLove-lies-bleeding54"20"CoarseSummer
Anagallis arvensisRed Pimpernel18"18"MediumSpring-Fall
Antirrhinum majusSnapdragon10"-30"12"-18"MediumSpring-Fall
Aquilegia skinneriColumbine36"24"FineSummer
Browallia americana• Upright Browallia24"24"MediumSummer
Canna indicaCanna96"30"MediumSummer
Celsia orientalisOriental Celsia   Summer
Cerinthe majorGreat Purple Honey-wort18"  Summer
Chenopodium botrysSweet-scented Goosefoot24"-36"12"-36" Summer
Chrysanthemum carinatumThree-colored Chrysanthemum24"12"MediumEarly Summer
Chrysanthemum coronariumCrown Daisy   Summer-Fall
Claytonia virginica• Virginian Claytonia4"8"6"MediumSummer
Cleome sp.Five-leafed Cleome48" FineSummer
Coix lacryma-jobiJob's Tears [grass]36"-72"36"-60"FineFall
Cucumis melo var. dudaimDudaim Cucumber   Summer
Cucurbita pepo var. oviferaEgg Gourd [ornamental]   Summer
Dahlia sp.Dahlia15"-48"10"-24"MediumSummer-Fall
Datura metelDouble Purple Stramonium [toxic]60"60"CoarseSummer
Dimorphotheca annuaSmall Cape Marigold8"-12"8"-12"MediumSpring
Dimorphotheca hybridaLarge Cape Marigold12"12"MediumSpring
Dracocephalum moldavicaMoldavian Balm24"12" Summer
Euphorbia marginata• Snow-on-the-mountain24"12"MediumSummer
Ipomoea albaMoonflower [vine]20' CoarseSummer
Gladiolus communisEuropean Corn-flag36"24"MediumSummer
Helianthus annus var. nanus• Dwarf Annual Sunflower24"12"CoarseSummer
Helianthus atrorubensDark-eye Sunflower   Summer
Helianthus annus 'Russian Giant'Gigantic Sunflower96"-120"36"CoarseSummer
Houstonia (Hedyotis) purpurea• Purple-flowered Houstonia12"-60"10"-24"FineSummer
Heliotropum arborescens or peruvianumHeliotrope [Victorian container plant-toxic]18"-24"18"-24"MediumSummer
Iberis amoraWhite Candy-tuft12"6"FineSummer
Impatiens noli tangereTouch-me-not48"36"MediumSummer
Ipomoea purpurea (indica)Morning Glory vine120" MediumSummer
Kochia scopariaSummer Cypress24"-36"18"-24"FineFall
Lobularia maritimaSweet Alyssum4"-8"10"-15"FineSummer
Lupinus albus• White Annual Lupin12"-48"6"-18"MediumSummer
Lupinus angustifolius• Narrow-leafed Blue Lupin  Med.FineSummer
Lupinus varius• Small Blue lupin  MediumSummer
Malcolmia maritimaAnnual Stock8"3"MediumSummer
Menyanthes trifoliataBog Bean [aquatic]12"  Summer
MesembryanthemumIce Plant [ground cover]4" MediumSummer
Mirabilis dichotomousFour O'Clock24"-48"8"MediumSummer
Mirabilis jalapaClammy Marvel of Peru   Late Summer
Mirabilis longifloraSweet-scented Marvel of Peru   Summer
Molucella laevisShell Flower36"18" Summer
Monarda punctata• Yellow-flowered Monarda36"12"CoarseSummer
Nelumbo pentapetala• American Lotus [aquatic container plant]   Summer
Nymphaea albaEuropean White Water Lily [zone 6, potted] 120"CoarseSummer
Pelargonium peltatumGeranium6"36"MediumSummer
Phaseolus coccineusScarlet Kidney Bean    
Phlox drummondii• Annual Phlox15"8"MediumSummer-Fall
Proboscides sp.• Unicorn Plant15"   
Ricinus communisCastor-oil Plant12' CoarseSummer
Senecio elegansPurple Ragwort24"  Summer
Stipa pennataWild Oats18"36"FineSummer-Winter
Verbena x hybridaGarden Verbena6"-8"TrailingMediumSummer
Vicia oroboidesUpright Bitter Vetch30"48"MediumSummer
Viola lanceolata• Bog white Violet4"4"MediumSpring
Viola odorataSweet Violet6"-8"12"-15"MediumSpring
Viola primulifoliaPrimrose-leafed Violet  MediumSpring
Viola pubescens• Downy Yellow Violet15" MediumSpring
Viola rotundifolia• Yellow round-leafed Violet2"-5"5"MediumSpring
Xeranthemum annumEternal Flower24"18" Summer
Zinnia elegansViolet-colored Zinnia24"-30"18"-24"MediumSummer
Zinnia multifloraRed Zinnia12"-36"12"-18"MediumSummer
Zinnia paucifloraYellow Zinnia12"-36'"12"-18"MediumSummer
      
Annual Herbs     
Achillea ageratumSweet Yarrow24"24"MediumFall
Aliium canadense• Canada Garlic12"6"FineSummer
Allium cernum• Lady's Leek12"-24"6"FineSummer
Allium molyYellow Garlic15"15"MediumSummer
Allium oleraceumPurple-striped Garlic30"-36"6" Summer
Anagallis arvensisPimpernel18"18"MediumFall
Artemisia vulgarisCommon Mugwort12"-24"24"FineLate Summer
Chelidonium majusCelandine24"-48"24" Spring-Fall
Chenopodium ambrosioides• Mexican Tea [herb]36"18"-24"FineSummer
Cnicus benedictusBlessed Thistle48"-60"48"CoarseSummer
Cochlearia officinalisScurvy-grass18"18"FineSpring-Summer
Ocimum minimumBush Basil18"18"FineSummer
Ricinus communisCastor Bean (vine)144" CoarseSummer
Satureja hortensisSummer Savory15"15"FineSummer
Trigonella foenum-graecumFenugreek24"24"Med. FineSummer
Urtica dioicaStinging Nettle24" Med. FineSpring-Fall
Valerianella olitoria• Corn-sallad 10"MediumSpring-Fall
      
Vegetables     
[1776-1849 & earlier]     
Agaricus campestrisMushroom [zone 5]    
Allium canadense• Meadow Leek12"12" Summer
Allium cepaShallot   Summer
Allium flavumSmall Yellow Onion [zone 5]8"   
Allium porrumLeek [zone 5]36"   
Allium scorodoprasumGiant Garlic   Summer
Apios americanaGround nut12" MediumSpring
Apium graveolens var. rapuceumTurnip-root Celery   Summer
Armorica rusticanaHorse Radish18"-24"18"-24" Summer
Atriplex hortensisEnglish Lamb's Quarter, Large Green & Red-leafed   Summer
Brassica oleracea var. acephala & othersKale   Summer
Brassica oleracea var. gemmiferaBrussels Sprouts   Summer
Brassica oleracea var. italicaItalian Broccoli   Summer
Cichorium endivaGreen, White, or Broad-Leaf Endive   Summer
Crambe maritimaSea Kale, Cabbage   Summer
Cucumis anguriaPrickly Cucumber   Summer
Lycopersicon esculentumTomato, Love Apple   Summer
Nasturtium officinaleWater Cress18"  Spring-Fall
Rumex acetosaGarden Sorrel36"  Summer
Scorzonera hispanicaBlack Salsify   Summer
Solanum melongenaEgg Plant   Summer
Tragopogon porrifoliusSalsify   Summer
Vicia fabaGarden Bean, many varieties   Summer
Vigna unguiculataYard-long Bean [vine] 36" Summer
      
Biennials     
Alcea rosea 'Nigra'Hollyhock72"12"CoarseSummer-Fall
Adlumia fungosa• Climbing Fumitory [vine]6'-10' FineSummer-Fall
Campanula pyramidalisChimney bellflower60"36"MediumSummer
Digitalis grandifloraYellow foxglove36" CoarseSummer
Digitalis purpurea var. albaWhite-flowered Foxglove [toxic]24"-60"12"CoarseSummer
Perennials     
Aconitum vulpariaWolfsbane36"24"MediumSummer
Actaea spicata• Black Baneberry18"-30"24"-36"FineSpring-Summer
Adonis vernalisPheasant's Eye [toxic]12"-15"12"FineSpring
Anemonella thalictroides• Rue-anemone8"8"MediumEarly Summer
Aquilegia alpinaAlpine Columbine18"6"FineEarly Summer
Aquilegia caerulea• Blue Columbine24"12"FineSring-Summer
Aquilegia canadensis• American Columbine18"-24"6"FineEarly Summer
Arisaema triphyllum• Jack-in-the-pulpit12"9"MediumSummer-Fall
Armeria maritima var. elongata• Sea Pink, Statice Armeria4"8"FineSpring-Summer
Aruncus sylvester• Goat's-beard Spiraea72"48"FineSummer
Asclepias incarnata• Swamp milkweed36"36"MediumLate Spring
Aster alpinusAlpine Starwort6"-12"18"MediumEarly Summer
Aster umbellatusWaved Starwort48"24"FineSummer
Aurinia saxatilisYellow Alyssum10"10"Med. FineEarly Summer
Belamcanda chinensisBlackberry lily [toxic seed]24"-36"15"-18"MediumLate Summer
Baptisia australis• False Wild Indigo48"36"MediumSummer
Caltha palustris var. monstrosaDouble Marsh Marigold18"18"MediumEarly Summer
Campanula carpaticaCarpathian Bellflower8"-12"8"MediumSpring-Summer
Campanula latifoliaCampanula42"18"MediumSpring-Summer
Campanula glomerataClustered Bellflower10"-15"10"MediumSummer
Campanula persicifolia var. grandifloraGreat-flowered Bell-flower36"24"MediumSummer
Campanula rapunculoidesNettle-leafed Bell-flower36"24"MediumSummer
Cardamine pratensisCuckoo-flower12"12"MediumSpring
Catananche caeruleaCupids dart18"-24"12"-15"MediumLate Summer
ChasmanthiumlatifoliumSea oats, Spike grass60" FineSummer-Fall
Centaurea montanaMountain Bluet30"15"MediumSummer
C. sinensis x indicumChrysanthemum  MediumFall
Clematis integrifoliaEntire-leaved Virgin's Bower18"18"MediumSpring
Coreopsis auriculata• Ear-leafed Coreopsis6"-18'"6"-18"FineSummer
Cypripedium var. parviflorum• Lady's Slipper8"-18"4"-12"MediumEarly Summer
Delphinium elatumBee Larkspur36"-72"8"MediumEarly Summer
Delphinium elatum var. intermediumPalmated Bee Larkspur   Early Summer
Delphinium exaltatumTall Delphinium72" Med.FineSummer
Delphinium grandiflorumChinese Delphinium18"12"Med. FineSummer
Dianthus carthusianorumCarthusian Pink8"8"Med.FineSummer
Dianthus deltoidesCommon Pink6"-12"6"-12"Med.FineSummer
Dianthus plumariusCottage Pink12"-18"12"-18"Med.FineEarly Summer
Dianthus superbusSuperb Pink24"-36"12"-18"Med.FineSummer
Dicentra cucullaria• Dutchman's Breeches8"8"FineSpring
Dictamnus albus var. rubraDittany, Burning Bush36"36"MediumEarly Summer
Digitalis luteaYellow Foxglove24"18"MediumSummer
Digitalis ferrugineaRusty Foxglove {poisonous]60"18"MediumSummer
Dodecatheon meadia• American Cowslip6"-18"18"MediumLate Spring
Echinacea angustifolia• Narrow-leafed Rudbeckia48"18"CoarseSummer
Epilobium angustifolium• Giant Willow Herb60"60FineSummer
Eryngium alpinumAlpine Eryngium30"18"FineSpring
Erthronium americanum• Trout Lily8" "6"MediumSpring
Filipendula rubraQueen of the Prairies72"-96"48"-72"Med. FineSummer
Filipendula ulmariaQueen of the Meadow72"60"Med. FineSummer
Filipendula vulgarisDropwort24"-36"18"FineSummer
Fritillaria camschatcensis• Kamptschatka Fritillaria18"12"MediumSummer
Fritillaria imperialisCrown Imperial60" MediumEarly Summer
Gentiana acaulisDwarf Gentian2"12"MediumSpring-Summer
Gentiana saponariaSoapwort3"-24"3"-10"MediumFall
Gentiana septemfidaCrested Gentian4"-6"12"MediumSummer
Geranium macrorrhizumLarge-rooted Cranesbill12"-15"12"-15"MediumEarly Summer
Geranium striatumStreaked Geranium6"-8"6"-8"MediumSummer
Helianthus giganteus• Giant sunflower36"-144"18"-60"MediumSummer-Fall
Helianthus salicifolius• Willow-leaf Sunflower48"-96"24"-48"FineSummer
Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra• Sunflower36"-48"12"-18"CoarseSummer-Fall
Helleborus orientalisLenten Rose15"-18"15"-18"MediumSpring
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelusPale Daylily30"30"MediumSummer-Fall
Hepatica americana• Common Hepatica8"8"MediumSpring
Hesperis matronalisDame's Rocket12"-36"24"Med. FineSummer
Hibiscus militarisSoldier Rose Mallow72"-96"36"MediumLate Summer
Hibiscus moscheutos• Rose Mallow36"-96"36"MediumSummer
Hosta plantagineaAugust Lily30"36"CoarseLate Summer
Hydrastis canadensis• Goldenseal [toxic]10"10"MediumSummer
Iris germanica 'Florentina'German Iris36"30"MediumSpring
Iris 'Madame Chereau'Madame Chereau Iris36"30"MediumSpring
Iris pumilaDwarf Flag Iris6"6"MediumSpring
Iris versicolor• Various-colored Iris30"8"MediumSpring
Jeffersonia diphylla• Twin-leafed Jeffersonia [zone 5]18"18"MediumEarly Summer
Lavatera thuringiacaTree Lavatera [zone 5]48"48"MediumSummer
Leucojum vernumSpring Snowdrop6"-12"6"-12"MediumSpring
Liatris scariosa• Gayfeather18"-24"24"FineSummer-Fall
Liatris spicata• Long-spiked Liatris24"-36"24"FineSummer
Lilium superbum• American Turks Cap120" MediumLate Summer
Lilium tigrinum (lancifolium)Tiger lily48" MediumLate Summer
Lobelia siphilitica• Blue Cardinal Flower [zone 5]24"-36"24"MediumSummer-Fall
Lupin sp.Lupin    
Lupinus polyphyllus• Bigleaf lupine48"-96"24"-48"MediumLate Spring
Lychnis flos-cuculiRagged robin12"-36'"15"-36"MediumLate Spring
Lysimachia punctataFour-leafed Loosestrife18"-30"12"FineEarly Summer
Lythrum salicariaPurple Loosestrife [invasive]36"-60"24"-36"FineSummer
Lythrum virgatumFine-leafed Willow Herb36"-60"36"FineMidsummer
Muscari racemosumClustered Grape Hyacinth6"-9"4"MediumEarly Spring
Narcissus biflorusTwo-flowered Narcissus6"-24"4"-8"MediumLate Spring
N.pseudonarcissus bicolorTwo-colored Narcissus6'-24'4"-8"MediumSpring
Nelumbo lutea• American Lotus [zone 6]36" CoarseSummer
Nuphar advenaThree-colored Water Lily2" CoarseSummer
Nuphar luteum• Yellow Water Lily2" CoarseSummer
Nymphaea odorata• American White Water Lily4"48"CoarseSummer
Oenothera fruticosa• Shrubby Primrose Tree36"18"Med.FineSummer
Oxalis violaeaPurple Oxalis, Wood Sorrel3"-8"8"MediumSpring
Paeonia 'Edulis Superba'Chinese Peony 182436"36'Med.CoarseEarly Summer
Paeonia suffruticosaTree Peony3'-6'3'-6'Med.CoarseLate Spring
Paeonia tenuifoliaFernleaf Peony36"36"FineLate Spring
Penstemon barbatusCoral Penstemon36"12"Med.FineSummer-Fall
Penstemon hirsutus• Hairy Penstemon24"24"FineEarly Summer
Penstemon digitalis• Penstemon digitalis30"24"Med. FineEarly Summer
Penstemon laevigatusSmooth Penstemon   Summer
Phlox stolonifera• Creeping Phlox12"8"FineSpring
Phlox subulata• Moss Pink3"-6"24"FineMidspring
Physostegia virginiana• False Dragonhead36"12"MediumLate Summer
Podophyllum peltatum• May Apple, Mandrake12"-18"12"MediumSpring
Polemonium caeruleumBlue Valerian24"24"MediumSummer
Polemonium caeruleum var. album• White Valerian, Jacob's Ladder18"-24"12"-18"MediumSummer
Platycodon grandiflorus 'mariesii'Chinese bellflower18"9"MediumSummer
Polemonium reptansCreeping Greek Valerian12"-24"12"MediumSummer
Polygonatum multiflorumMany-flowered Solomon's Seal36" MediumSummer
Pontederia cordata• Pickerel-weed [aquatic]30"18" Summer
Papaver orientaleOriental Poppy18"-36"9"-13"MediumSummer
Primula auricula'Bear's Ear' Primula4"-6"8"CoarseEarly Summer
Rudbeckia fulgida• Bright Rudbeckia24"-36" MediumSummer
Rudbeckia laciniata• Jagged-leafed Rudbeckia30"10"MediumSummer
Saponaria ocymoidesBasil-leafed SoapwortMat  Late Spring
Smilacina racemosaCluster-flowered Solomon's Seal36"24"MediumSpring-Summer
Solidago canadensis• Golden-rod24"-72"18"Med.FineSummer-Fall
Spigelia marilandica• Carolina Pink-root [zone 5]12"-18"18"MediumEarly Summer
Stachys macranthaBig Betony18"12"MediumEarly Summer
Stachys byzantinaLamb's Ear12"-15"18"CoarseSummer
Teucrium fruticansTree Germander [potted]36"-48"48"-72"FineSummer
Teucrium canadense• Wild Germander18"-36"36"FineMidsummer
Thalictrum minusLow Meadow Rue12"-24"12"-18"FineEarly Summer
Tradescantia x andersoniana• Virginia Spider-wort18"-24"24"FineMidsummer
Trillium erectum• Erect-flowered Trillium12"12"MediumSpring
Trillium pusillum• Dwarf Trillium6"-8"6"-8"Med.FineSpring
Trillium sessile• Toad Shade Trillium12"-15"12"-18"MediumSpring
Vallisneria americana• American Vallisneria [zone 8 pond plant]6'6'FineSummer
Vallisneria spiralisEel Grass [zone 8, pond]6'6'FineSummer
Veronicastrum virginicum• Virginia Speedwell60"24"MediumSummer
Viola canadensis• Canadian Violet12-24"10-18"MediumSummer
Viola pedata• Bird's-Foot Viola4"-10"6"MediumSpring-Summer
      
Perennial herbs     
Apium graveolensWild Celery [zone 5]36" MediumSummer
Andromeda polifolia• Bog-Rosemary1'-2-2'-3'MediumSpring
Eupatorium perfoliatum• Boneset18"-60" CoarseLate Summer
Lithospermum officinaleGromwell36"   
Marrubium vulgareHorehound18" MediumSummer
Rheum rhubarbicumRhubarb36"36"CoarseSummer
      
Shrubs • Native     
Aesculus parviflora• Bottlebrush Buckeye8'-12'8'-15'Med.CoarseSummer, Fall
Amelanchier alnifolia var. semi-integrifolia• Pacific Serviceberry10'10'MediumSummer
Amelanchier canadensis• Shadblow Serviceberry6'-20'4'-15'MediumSpring-Fall
Amelanchier stolonifera• Running Serviceberry4'-6'4'-6'MediumSpring, Fall
Amorpha brachycarpa 'Palmer'Palmer Amorpha3'3'FineSummer
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi• Bearberry6"-12"2'-4'FineSpring
Aronia x prunifolia• Purple-fruited Chokeberry12'12'MediumFall
Artemisia abrotanumSouthernwood3'-5'3'-5'MediumLate Summer
Betula nana• Dwarf Birch2'-4'2'-4'FineSpring-Fall
Betula pumila• Hairy Dwarf Birch4'-15'15'CoarseSpring-Summer
Chaenomeles japonicaJapanese Flowering Quince3' MediumSummer-Fall
Cotoneaster horizontalisCotoneaster3'8'Med.FineSummer
Caragana aurantiacaDwarf Peashrub4'4'MediumSpring
Caragana microphyllaLittleleaf Caragana6'-10'7'-12'MediumSpring
Ceanothus ovatusInland Ceanothus2'-3'2'-3'MediumSummer
Clematis rectaClematis [shrub]2'-4'2'-4'MediumSummer
Clethra alnifolia var. paniculataSweet Pepperbush8'8'MediumSummer
Cotoneaster lucidusHedge Cotoneaster6'-10'6'-10'MediumFall
Diervilla sessilifolia• Bush-Honeysuckle3'-5'3'-5'MediumSummer, Fall
Elaeagnus commutata• Silverberry6'-12'6'-12'MediumSummer
Elaeagnus pungensThorny Elaeagnus20'20'MediumSummer
Erica tetralixCross-leaved Heath14"-24"14"-24"MediumSummer
Exochorda racemosaCommon Pearlbush10'-15'10'-15'MediumSpring, Fall
Fontanesia fortuneiFortune Fontananesia12'12'MediumSummer
Genista tintoriaCommon Woadwaxen2'-3'2'-3'FineSummer
Aralia racemosa• American Spikenard4'-10'4'-10'MediumSummer
Hibiscus moscheutosRose Mallow3'-8'5'MediumSummer-Frost
Hydrangea macrophyllaBigleaf Hydrangea3'-5'3'-5'CoarseSummer
Hypericum calcinumLarge-flowered St. John's wort [zone 5]3'4'MediumSummerr
Ilex laevigataSmooth Winterberry10'-20'10'-20'MediumSpring-Fall
Juniperus communis var. suecicaSwedish Juniper10'-15'4'-7'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus horizontalis• Creeping Juniper1'-2'4'-8'Med. FineEvergreen
Juniperus procumensJapgarden juniper2'10'-15'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus squamataSingleseed Juniper1'-25'1'-10' ?MediumEvergreen
Kalmia polifolia• Narrow-leafed Kalmia3'3'MediumLate Spring
Kerria japonicaJapanese Kerria3'-6'6'-9'FineSpring
Ledum palustre• Crystal Tea1'-4'1'-4'Med.FineLate Spring
Ligustrum vulgareEuropean Privet10'10'Med.FineSummer
Lindera benzoin• Spicebush10'10'Med.FineSpring-Summer
Lonicera fragrantissimaWinter Honeysuckle6'-10'6'-10'MediumSpring
Lonicera korolkowiiBlueleaf Honeysuckle12'-15'12'-15'MediumSpring
Magnolia stellataStar Magnolia15'-20'10'-15'MediumEarly Spring
Nemopanthus mucronatus• Mountain Holly6'-10'6'-10'MediumSpring, Fall
Ononis fruticosaShrubby Rest Harrow12"-24"12"-24"MediumSummer
Paeony suffruticosaTree paeony3'-6'3'-6'MediumSpring
Philadelphus inodorusScentless Mock-Orange10'10'Med. CoarseLate Spring
Pieris floribunda• Fetterbush4'-6'3'-4'MediumSpring, Fall
Prunus glandulosaFlowering almond4'-5'3'-4'MediumSpring
Prunus maritima• Beach plum4'-8'4'-8'MediumSpring, Fall
Prunus pumila• Dwarf Sand Cherry4'-6'4'-6'MediumSpring
Prunus spinosaBlackthorn, Sloe12'-15'12'MediumSpring
Rhamnus frangulaBerry-bearing Alder [invasive]10'-18'8'-12'MediumSpring
Rhododendron carolinianum• Carolina Rhododendron3'-5'3'-5'MediumSpring
Rhododendron catawbiense• Catawba Rhododendron6'-10'5'-8'Med. CoarseSpring
Rhododendron ferrugineum• Rusty-leaf Rhododendron  MediumSpring
Rhododendron maximum• Rosebay Rhododendron3'-15'3'-12'MediumLate Spring
Ribes cynosbati• Prickly-fruited Gooseberry4'4'Med. FineSummer
Rosa 'Baltimore Belle'Baltimore Belle Rose10'10'MediumSummer
Rosa carolina• Carolina Rose3'-6'3'-6'MediumSummer
Rosa glauca (syn. Rubrifolia)Redleaf Rose5'-7'5'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Madame Hardy'Madame Hardy Rose4'-6'4'-6'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Madame Plantier'Madame Plantier Rose5'5'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Maiden's Blush''Maiden's Blush' Rose5'-8'5'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Quatre Saisons'Autumn Damask Rose4'3'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Reine Blanche'Reine Blanche4'4'-5'MediumEarly Summer
Rosa setigera• Prairie Rose3'-4'15'MediumMidsummer
Rosa 'Seven Sisters'Seven Sisters Rose [zone 5]4'-6'4'-6'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Stanewell Perpetual'Stanwell Perpetual 18383'-5'3'-5'MediumSpring-Frost
Rosa 'Tuscan'Tuscan Rose 18373'-3.5'2.5'-3'MediumMidsummer
Rosa virginiana• Virginia rose4'-6'4'-6'MediumMidsummer
Rosa x alba var. fl. Pl.Double-white Rose8'8'MediumSummer
Salix lanataWooly Willow2'-4'3'-5'FineSpring, Summer
Salix viminalisBasket Willow20'20'Med. FineSpring
Sambucus nigra var. laciniataParsley-leafed Elder15' MediumLate Summer
Sambucus pubens• Scarlet Elder12'-25'12'-25'MediumLate Summer
Shepherdia argentea• Silver Buffaloberry6'-10'6'-10'MediumLate Summer
Spiraea thunbergiiThunberg Spirea3'-5'3'-5'FineSpring
Spirea tomentosaHardhack Spirea2'-4'2'-4'MediumLate Summer
Spirea trilobataThree-lobe Spirea4'-5'4'-5'FineSpring
Symphoricarpos albus• Snowberry6'6'MediumSpring-Fall
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus• Coral Berry6'6'MediumSummer-Fall
Syringa x chinensisChinese Lilac3'-7'12'MediumSpring
Syringa josikaeaHungarian lilac8'-10'8'-12'MediumEarly Summer
Syringa villosaLate Lilac6'-10'4'-10'MediumEarly Summer
Syringa vulgaris var. 'Alba'White Lilac20'15'-20'MediumLate Spring
Vaccinium oxycoccos• European Cranberry2"-6"3'MediumSummer-Fall
Viburnum alnifolium• Hobblebush9'-12'9'-12'MediumSpring
Vaccinium myrtillusBilberry1.5'1.5'FineFall
Viburnum opulus 'Roseum'Guelder Rose12'12'MediumSummer-Fall
Viburnum plicatumJapanese Snowball15'15'CoarseSpring
Viburnum trilobumAmerican Cranberry8'-12'8'-12'MediumSpring-Fall
Yucca filamentosaAdam's needle [zone 5]3'5'MediumSummer
      
Vines     
Aristolochia macrophylla• Dutchman's Pipe20'-30' MediumSpring
Campsis radicansTrumpet creeper30'-40' MediumSummer
Clematis montanaAnemone clematis [zone5]20'-30' MediumSummer
Clematis tanguticaGolden clematis [zone 5]20'-30' MediumSummer
Clematis ternifloraSweetautumn clematis [5]10'-20' MediumSummer
Clematis texensisScarlet clematis6'-10' MediumSummer
Clematis vitalbaTraveler's joy20'-40' MediumSummer
Forsythia sp.Forsythia8'-10'8'-10'CoarseEarly Spring
Hydrangea anomala sub. petiolarisClimbing Hydrangea60'-80' Med. Fine 
Lathyrus latifolia• Perennial Pea6' MediumSpring-Summer
Lonicera japonicaJapanese Honeysuckle10'-20' MediumLate Summer
L. periclymenum 'Belgica'Woodbine20' MediumMid-Summer
Pachysandra procumbens• Allegheny Pachysandra6"-12" MediumSemi-evergreen
Rhus radicans• Poison Ivy [toxic]2'-4'2'MediumSummer
Rhus vernix• Poison Sumac [toxic]15'15'MediumSummer
Solanum dulcamaraBittersweet, Woody Nightshade [toxic]15' MediumSpring
Vinca minorDwarf Periwinkle10' MediumSpring-Summer
Wisteria frutescens• Wisteria20'-30' MediumEarly Summer
      
Trees • Native     
Abies fraseri• Fraser Fir30'-40'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Abies nordmannianaCaucasian Fir40'-60'25'-35'MediumEvergreen
Acer truncatumPurpleblow Maple 188120'-25'18'-25'MediumSpring, Fall
Aesculus glabra'• Ohio Buckeye20'-40'20'-40'Med.CoarseSpring, Fall
Ailanthus altissimaTree of Heaven40'-60'30'-45'CoarseSpring-Summer
Amelanchier alnifolia• Pacific Serviceberry10'8'-15'MediumSpring, Fall
Aralia elataJapanese Angelica-tree20'-30'20'-30'MediumFall
Betula alleghaniensis (lutea)• Yellow, Tall Birch60'-100'70'-85'Med.Fine4 Seasons
Betula pendula var. tristisDrooping Birch15'-20'10'-15'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Betula populifolia• Gray Birch20'-40'10'-20'MediumSpring-Fall
Carpinus caroliniana• American Hornbeam20'-30'20'-30'MediumFall
Castanea dentataAmerican Chestnut100'100'CoarseFall
Cedrus atlanticaAtlas Cedar40'-60'30'-40'MediumEvergreen
Cercis canadensis• Eastern Redbud12'-40'12'-40'MediumSpring
Chamaecyparis pisiferaJapanese Falsecypress50'-70'10'-20'MediumEvergreen
Cladastris kentukea• Yellowwood30'-50'40'-55'MediumSpring
Corylus americana• American filbert15'-18'10'-12'Med.Coarse4 Season
Cotinus obovatus• American Smoketree20'-30'20'-30'MediumSpring, Fall
Crataegus laevigataEnglish Hawthorn25'25'MediumSpring-Fall
Crataegus x lavalleLavalle Hawthorn15'-30'10'-20'MediumFall
Crataegus monogynaSingleseed Hawthorn20'-30'30'MediumSpring
Crataegus succulenta• Fleshy Hawthorn20'30'MediumSpring, Fall
Crataegus viridis• Green Hawthorn20'-35'20'-35'MediumSpring, Fall
Elaeagnus umbellataAutumn Olive12'-18'12'-18'FineSpring
Euonymus eurpaeaEuropean Spindletree12'-30'10'-25'MediumSpring
Fagus grandifolia• American Beech50'-70'40'-60'MediumSpring-Fall
Fagus sylvatica f. purpureaCopper Beech50'-80'40'-60'MediumSpring-Fall
Fraxinus excelsiorEuropean Ash50'-60'40'-50'MediumFall
Fraxinus pennsylvanica• Green Ash50'-60'25'-30'MediumFall
Fraxinus nigra• Black Ash40'-50'20'-25'MediumFall
Fraxinus quadrangulata• Blue Ash50'-70'35'-40'MediumSummer
Ginkgo bilobaMaidenhair tree50'-8030'-40'Med CoarseFall
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermisThornless Locust30'-70'30'-70'Med.FineSpring
Halesia carolina• Snowdrop Tree30'-40'20'-35'MediumSpring
Hamamelis virginianaWitch hazel12'-20'12'-20'MediumFall
Juniperus scopulorumColorado Redcedar30'-40'3'-15'MediumEvergreen
Kalopanax pictusCastor-aralia40'-60'40'-60'CoarseSummer-Fall
Koelreuteria paniculataGolden Rain Tree30'-50'30'-50'Med. FineSummer-Fall
Larix kaemferiJapanese Larch70'-90'25'-40'Fine-CoarseSpring-Fall
Maclura pomifera• Osage Orange20'-40'20'-40'Med.CoarseSummer
Magnolia acuminata• Cucumber Tree90'90'MediumEarly Summer
Magnolia salicifoliaAnise Magnolia20'-30'10'-15'MediumSpring
Malus angustifoliaSouther Crabapple20'20'MediumSpring-Fall
Malus baccataSiberian Crabapple20'-50'20'-50'MediumSpring-Fall
Malus prunifoliaSiberian Crab15'15'MediumSpring
Malus spectabilisChinese Apple Tree30'30'MediumSpring-Fall
Morus multicaulisMulberry [silk]40'30'MediumSummer
Morus rubra• Red Mulberry70'50'MediumSummer
Phellodendron sachalinenseSakhalin Corktree50'-60'45'-55'MediumSummer, Fall
Picea mariana• American Black Spruce60'15'MediumEvergreen
Picea orientalisOriental Spruce50'-60'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Pinus banksiana• Jack Pine35'-50'30'-45'MediumEvergreen
Pinus cembraSiberian Stone Pine70'25'MediumEvergreen
Pinus flexilis• Limber Pine30'-50'15'-35'MediumEvergreen
Pinus mugoMugo Pine15'-20'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Pinus ponderosa• Ponderosa Pine60'-100'25'-30'Med.CoarseEvergreen
Pyrus salicifoliaWillow-leafed Pear15'-25'12'-20'MediumFall
Populus albaWhite Poplar40'-70'40'-70'Med.CoarseSummer
Populus maximowicziiJapanese Poplar80'-100'60'-80'MediumSummer
Populus nigraLombardy Black Poplar70'-90'10'-15'MediumSummer
Populus simoniiSimon Poplar40'-60'20'-30'MediumSummer
Populus tremulaEuropean Aspen50'50'MediumSpring-Fall
Populus tremuloides• Quaking Aspen40'-50'20'-30'MediumSummer
Pseudotsuga menziesii• Douglasfir40'-80'12'-20'MediumAll Seasons
Pyrus ussuriensisUssurian Pear40'-5040'-50'MediumSpring-Fall
Prunus armeniacaApricot25'20'MediumSpring-Summer
Quercus bicolor• Swamp White Oak50'-60'50'-60'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus ilicifoliaScrub Oak50'50'MediumFall
Quercus imbricariaShingle Oak50'-60'55'-65'MediumFall
Quercus macrocarpua• Bur Oak70'-80'75'-85'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus prinoidesChincapin Oak80'80'Medium 
Quercus rubra• Red Oak60'-75'60'-75'MediumAll Seasons
Quercus velutina• Black Oak50'-60'40'-70'MediumAll Seasons
Rhamnus cathartica*Common Buckthorn18'-25'18'-25'Med.CoarseSummer*
Salix babylonicaWeeping Willow50'50'FineFall
Sophora japonicaScholar tree100'70"MediumSummer
Sophora japonica pendulaWeeping Scholar tree15' MediumSummer
Sorbus americana• American Mountain Ash10'-30'8'-20'FineFall
Tamarix ramosissimaTamarisk10'-15'8'-12'FineSpring-Fall
Tilia platyphyllosBig-Leaf Linden60'-80'60'-80'Med.CoarseSpring-Fall
Ulmus glabraScotch Elm100'70'MediumSpring-Summer
Ulmus minor (U. carpinifolia)Field Elm100'70'Med.FineFall
Ulmus parvifoliaChinese Elm40'-50'40'-50'Med.FineFall
Ulmus proceraEnglish Elm150'80'MediumSpring-Summer
Ulmus pumilaSiberian Dwarf Elm  Med.FineSpring-Summer
Ulmus rubra• Slippery Elm40'-60'45'-65'MediumFall
 * It is illegal to sell buckthorn    

Plants Introduced 1850-1899     
Scientific nameCommon NameHeightSpreadTextureSeasonal interest
Annuals, bedding plants & potted houseplants     
Abutilon hybridum var. souvenir de bonnVariegated Flowering Maple18"-30"24"MediumSummer
Acalypha wilkesiana var. macrophyllaCopperleaf120"50"CoarseSummer-Fall
Acalypha wilkesiana var. musaicaGiant Redleaf120"50"CoarseSummer-Fall
Acanthus spBear's Breech[zone 5 perennial]36"-48"36"MediumMidsummer
Ageratum houstonium• Ageratum6"-12"6"-12"MediumSummer
Aloysia triphyllaLemon-scented Verbena [potted]120"120"MediumSummer-Fall
Anemone blandaWindflower [zone 5 perennial]3"-6"3"-6"MediumSpring
Agapanthus africanusLily-of-the-Nile [potted]36"-48"36"FineLate Summer
Agave americana• Aloe [potted]    
Ageratum sp.• Dwarf Blue Ageratum6"-12"6"-12"Medium 
Aloe sp.Aloe [potted]    
Alternathera bettzickianaAlternathera6"-12"6"-12" Spring-Fall
Amaranthus tricolor var. flaming fountainFlaming Fountain36"36"MediumSummer
Antirrhinum majus (glutinosum)Snapdragon10"-30"12"-18"MediumSummer-Fall
Begonia semperflorensWax Begonia10"10"MediumSummer
Begonia x tuberhybridaTuberous Begonia24"18"MediumSummer
Brachycome iberdifoliaSwan River Daisy 188412"12"FineSummer
Caladium bicolorCaladium [potted]12"-24"12"-24"Medium 
Calistephus chinensisChinese Aster8"-36"8"-24"MediumSummer
Canna ehmannii (C. x generalis)Canna18"-96"12"-24"CoarseSummer
Canna ehemannii x glauca et alDwarf French Canna18"12"MediumSummer
Canna indicaIndian Shot96"36"CoarseSummer
Cardiospermum helicacabumBalloon vine 187525'vineMediumSummer
Carnegie gigantea• Saguaro Cactus [potted]To 50' CoarseSummer Night
Caryota sp.Fish-tail Palm [potted]To 40' Medium 
Centaurea gymnocarpaDusty Miller36"60"FineSpring-Summer
Chrysanthemum sp.Daisies24"-36"12"FineSummer
Coleus sp.Coleus12"-24"12"-24"CoarseSummer
Coleus blumei var. golden bedderColeus hybrid12"12"-24"CoarseSummer
Coleus blumei var. kirkpatrickrColeus hybrid12"12"-24"CoarseSummer
Coleus blumei var. vershaffeltiiButterfly Coleus12"12"-24"CoarseSummer
Colocasia esculentaElephant Ear, Taro96"96"CoarseSummer
Codiaeum variegatum var. pictumCroton, [potted, toxic]36"-48"24"-36"Medium 
Cordyline indivisaCordiline [potted]20'7'Medium 
Cortaderia selloanaPampas Grass [potted]60-144"48"-72"FineSummer-Fall
Crinum longifoliumCrinum Lily [potted]36"24"Medium 
Cuphea platycentra (ignea)Cigar Flower24"24"MediumSummer
Cycus revolutaSago Palm [potted]4'-6'4'-6'Medium 
Cymbalaria muralisKenilworth Ivy TrailingMediumSummer
Cyperus alterifoliusUmbrella Plant [potted]36"36"MediumSummer
Cyperus papyrusPapyrus [potted]60"96"Fine 
Dahlia sp.Dahlia sp.12"-60"12"-60"MediumMidsummer
Datura humilis flava, fl.pl.Yellow Datura [toxic]60" CoarseSummer
Datura inoxia quinquecuspidaDowny Thorn Apple36"36"CoarseSummer
Datura metel alba plenaDatura variety [toxic]60" CoarseSummer
Digitalis purpurea var. gloxiniifloraGloxinia-flowered Foxglove [toxic]36"-60"24"CoarseLate Summer
Dracaena dracoDragon Tree [potted]10'-40' Medium 
Echeveria gibbiflora var. metallicaHen-and-Chickens2"4"MediumSummer
Echeveria secunda var. glaucaHen-and-Chickens2"4"MediumSummer
Eichhornia crassipesWater Hyacinth6"18"MediumSummer
Galtonia candicansGiant Summer Hyacinth24"-48"24"MediumSummer
Gaura lindheimeri• Gaura48"36"Med. FineSummer-Fall
Gladiolus x hortulanusGladiolus12"-24"6"-12"MediumLate Spring
Hibiscus rosa-sinensisChinese Hibiscus [potted]8'6'Medium 
Hydrocleys nymphoidesWater Poppies [potted]  MediumSummer
Irisine sp.Bloodleaf24"18"MediumSummer
Lantana camara var. hybridaDwarf Lantana24"-72"  Summer
Linum grandifolium rubrumScarlet Flax 187518"18"FineSummer-Fall
Lobelia erinusLobelia4"-8"4"-6"MediumSpring-Fall
Lobularia maritimaSweet Alyssum3"-12"8"-12"FineSpring-Fall
Lobularia maritimaAlyssum, variegated3"-12"8"-12"FineSpring-Fall
Leucanthemum x superbumShasta Daisy12"-36"24"MediumSummer-Frost
Momordica balsaminaBitter Melon 1875 vine Summer
Musa enseteBanana Plant [potted]72"-25'"36"-8'"Coarse 
Nierembergia sp.Cupflower2"18" Summer
Opuntia bigelovii• Teddy-bear Cactus [potted]36"-60" Coarse 
Oxalis corniulata var. atropurpureaPurple Creeping Oxalis4"4"MediumSummer-Fall
Pelargonium peltatumIvy-leafed Geranium    
[for hanging basket]12-2020"MediumSummer 
Pelargonium sp.Geraniums, doubles & singles12"-24"8"-20"MediumSpring-Fall
Pelargonium sp.Silver-leaved Geranium12"-24"8"-20"MediumSpring-Fall
Pelargonium zonaleHorseshoe Geranium12"-24"8"-20"MediumSpring-Fall
Pennisetum alopecuroidesFountain Grass36"-48"36"-48"FineSummer-Frost
Pennisetum villosumFeathertop Fountain Grass24"-48"36"-48"FineSummer-Frost
Petunia x hybridaPetunia6"-12"trailingMediumSummer
Phlox drummondiiAnnual Phlox15"8"MediumSummer-Fall
Phyllostachys sp.Bamboo [potted]6'-20'6'-12'Med.Fine 
Portulaca grandifloraMoss Rose8"6"MediumSummer
Ricinus communisCastor-oil Plant144" CoarseSummer
Salpiglossis sinuataPainted Tongue18"-24"15"MediumSummer
Salvia splendensScarlet Salvia36"-48"36"-48"FineSummer-Fall
Santolina chamaecyparissusLavender Cotton18"36" Summer
Scabiosa atropurpureaScabiosa18"-36"12"-18"Med.FineSummer
Sedum acreCommon Stone-crop1 1/2"creepingMediumSpring
Senecio cinerariaWhite-leafed Cineraria8"-15"8"-15"MediumLate Summer
Senecio leuchostachys (viravira)Centauria, Dusty Miller24"24"MediumSummer
Tagetes patulaFrench Marigold12"12"MediumSummer
Tiarella cordifolia• Foamflower12"12"MediumSpring-Summer
Trapaeolum majus var. burpeeiDouble Nasturtium12"24"-72"MediumSummer-Frost
Verbena x hortensisGarden Verbena12"18"-24"MediumSummer
Vinca roseaMadagascar Periwinkle    
Viola cornutaHorned violet4"-10"5"-12"MediumSpring
Viola tricolor var. hortensisWild Pansy, Johny-jump-up
[self-seeds]
6"6"FineSummer
Zantedeschia sp.Calla15"-18"8"-10"MediumSummer
      
Perennials     
Achillea filipendulaFernleaf Yarrow36"-48"36"FineSummer
Achillea millefolium roseaMilfoil Yarrow12"-36"12"FineSummer
Achillea tomentosaDowny Yarrow6"-12"18"FineSummer
Aconitum autumnaleAconitum Monk's Hood36"-48"12"-18"MediumLate Summer
Adiantum pedantum• Maidenhair fern18"18"Med. FineSummer
Ajuga reptans var. albaBugleweed6"-9"MattingMediumSpring
Anemone japonicaJapanese Anemone24"-48"24"-48"MediumFall
Anemone quinquefolia• Wood Anemone4"-8"4"-8"MediumSpring
Anemone sylvestrisSnowdrop, Wind-flower12"-18"12"Medium 
Anthemis tintoriaGolden Chamomile24"-36"24"FineSummer
Aquilegia caerula• Rocky Mt. Columbine24"18"FineEarly Summer
Aquilegia chrysantha• Golden Columbine36"24"FineSummer
Aquilegia glandulosaColumbine12"8"MediumSummer
Aquilegia viridifloraSiberian Columbine12"18"FineEarly Summer
Aquilegia vulgaris var. niveaMunsteads White Columbine36"18"FineEarly Summer
Arabis alpinaAlpine Rock Cress12"18"MediumEarly Summer
Arenaria vernaPring Sandwort6"-8"12"MediumSpring
Armeria maritima var. elongataSea Pink, Thrift3"-4"12"FineLate Spring
Aruncus dioicus (sylvester)Goat's Beard48"-72"48"-72"Med.FineEarly Summer
Arundo donaxGreen-leafed Bamboo [zone 5]12'-16'24"MediumLate Fall
Aster amellus var. bessarabicusItalian Aster18"-24"18"MediumLate Summer
Aster novae-angliae• New England Aster48"-72"48"MediumLate Summer
Aster novae-angliae var. roseus• New England Aster var.48"-72"48"MediumLate Summer
Astilbe japonicaJapanese Astilbe18"-24"18"FineEarly Summer
Athyrium filix-femina• Lady fern15"-45"15"-45"FineSummer
Aurinia saxatileGolden Tuft Alyssum9"-12"18"FineSpring
Aurinia saxatile var. compactumDwarf Golden Tuft6"9"FineSpring
Aubrieta deltoideaAubrieta6"MattingMediumSpring
Aubrieta leichtliniiAubrieta6"MattingMediumSpring
Bergenia cordifoliaHeart-leafed Bergenia12"-18"12"CoarseSpring
Beta vulgaris var. ciclaOrnamental Beet [zone 5]12"-18"12"-18"CoarseSummer
Calla palustrisWater Arum12"12"MediumSummer-Fall
Callirhoe involucrata• Crimson Mallow6"-12"36"MediumAll Summer
Campanula medium var. calycanthemaCup-and-Saucer24"24"MediumEarly Summer
Campanula rotundifoliaHarebell12"12"MediumSummer
Cerastium bierbersteiniiMouse Ear8"-10"MattingFineSummer
Cerastium tomentosumSnow-in-Summer6"MattingFineSummer
Chionodoxa luciliaeGlory-of-the-Snow3"-6"3"-6"MediumEarly Spring
Clematis heracleifolia var. davidianaClematis48"36"MediumLate Summer
Clematis rectaUpright Virgin's Bower24"CreepingMediumSpring
Coreopsis tinctoria• Tickseed 187524"-36"18"FineSummer-Fall
Crocus angustifoliusCloth-of-Gold Crocus6"-10"10"MediumSpring
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens• Moccasin Flower8"-18"8"-18"MediumSummer
Delphinium formosumDelphinium [zone 5]36"-48"12"-15"FineSummer
Delphinium grandiflorumBouquet Larkspur18"12"FineSummer
Dianthus deltoidesMaiden's Pink10"10"FineSpring-Summer
Dianthus gratianopolitanusCheddar Pink3"-8"5"-10"FineSpring-Summer
Dicentra eximia• Plumy Bleeding Heart12"-18"18"FineSummer-Fall
Dicentra spectabilis• Bleeding Heart24"-36"24"-36"FineSpring
Drocera rotundifolia• Roundleaf drocera
[endangered, carnivorous]
10"10"Medium coarseSummer
Epigaea repens• Trailing Arbutus4"-6"24"MediumSummer
Epimedium grandiflorumBarrenwort [zone 5]12"12"MediumMid.Spring
Eranthis hyemalisWinter Aconite3"-6"3"MediumEarly Spring
Erianthus ravennaePlume-grass [zone 5]24"9"FineLate Summer
Erythronium americanum• Yellow Trout lily4"-6"6"MediumSpring
Euphorbia corollataFlowering Spurge12"-36"12"-36"FineSpring-Fall
Ficus elasticaRubber Plant [potted]10'-20'5'-10'Coarse 
Filipendula hexapetala var.Dropwort36"24"FineEarly Summer
Filipendula rubra var. venustaQueen of the Prairies36"-48"24"-36"FineEarly Summer
Gaillardia arista• Indian Blanket24"-36"24"MediumSummer
Galanthus elwesiiGiant Snowdrop9"-12"9"MediumEarly Spring
Gentiana acaulisStemless Gentian4"-6"12"MediumLate Summer
Gentiana andrewsii• Closed Gentian12"-36" MediumLate Summer
Geranium sanguineumBlood-red Geranium6"-12"24"MediumEarly Summer
Gillenia trifoliata• Indian Physic24"-36"36"FineSpring-Summer
Gypsophila paniculataPerennial Baby's Breath18"-36"18"-36"FineSummer
Helianthus x multiflorus• Double Perennial Sunflower36"-60"36"CoarseSummer-Fall
Helianthus maximilianii• Maximillian Sunflower120"48"MediumSummer-Fall
Helianthus sailcifoliis• Gracefull Sunflower72"48"MediumFall
Helleborus nigerChristmas Rose12"12"-18"MediumSpring
Helleborus niger altifoliusChristmas Rose variety15"-18" MediumFall, Spring
Hemerocallis flavaDay Lily24"-36"24"-36"MediumSummer
Hemerocallis thunbergiiLate Yellow Daylily24"-36"24"-36"MediumSummer
Hepatica americana• Liver Leaf [toxic]5"5"MediumSpring
Hosta sieboldiiSiebold Hosta10"-18"24"Med.FineEarly Summer
Iris cristata• Crested Iris6"8"MediumSpring
Iris x germanicaTall Bearded Iris24"-48"12"MediumEarly Summer
Iris x germanica var. florentinaOrris Root36"24"MediumEarly Summer
Iris pumilaPumila Iris6"8"MediumEarly Summer
Iris reticulataGolden Netted Iris4"8"MediumEarly Summer
Iris vernaDwarf Iris [zone 5]4"4"FineSpring
Latania sp.Fan Palm [potted]4'4'Medium 
Leontopodium alpinumEdelweiss [zone 5]8'8"Med.FineSpring
Liatris pycnostachya• Kansas Gayfeather36"-60"24"FineSummer-Fall
Libocedrus decurrensIncense Cedar [potted]40'8'FineEvergreen
Lilium speciosum var. albumWhite Japanese lily36"-60"18"MediumLate Summer
Lilium speciosum var. rubrumRed Japanese lily48"18"MediumLate Summer
Lilium tigrinum var. splendensTiger Lily48" MediumLate Summer
Limonium latifoliumWoundwort, Statice24"-30"24"-30"FineLate Summer
Lotus corniculatusBird's-Foot Trefoil24" FineSummer
Lychnis chalcedonica fl. pl.Double Scarlet Lychnis24"-36"18"MediumSummer
Lychnis viscaria var. splendensGerman Catchfly18"18"MediumSummer
Macleaya cordataPlume Poppy60"-96"40"-60"CoarseSummer
Malva alceaGarden Mallow36"-48"18"MediumSummer
Malva moschata albaMusk Mallow36"36"MediumSummer
Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimusEulalia var. [zone 5]60"-72"36"-48'"FineFall-Winter
Miscanthus sinensis variegatusEulalia var. [zone 5]96"36"-48"FineFall-Winter
Miscanthus sinensis zebrinusZebra grass [zone 5]60"-72"36"-48"FineFall-Winter
Mitella diphylla• Miterwort16"10"MediumSpring
Mitchella repens• Partridge-berry4"TrailingFineSpring-Fall
Myosotis scorpioides [palustris]Water For-get-me-not
[water plant, zone 5]
12"12"Med. FineSemi-evergreen
Narcissus pseudonarcissus var. maximusDaffodil6"-18"6"-18"MediumSpring
Nicotiana alata var. grandifloraNicotiana [toxic]12"-24"12"-24"MediumFall
Nierembergia rivularisWhite-Cup6"-9"6"-9"FineSummer
Nymphaea odorata var. roseaCape Cod Pink Waterlily5"48" Summer Day
Oenothera biennis var.grandiflora• Large Evening primrose60" MediumLate Spring
Oenothera missourensisEvening Primrose9"-12"12"MediumSummer
Oenothera speciosaEvening Primrose6"-24"18"MediumSummer
Opuntia sp.Prickly Pear [zone 5]8"-12"12"CoarseEarly Summer
Osmunda regalis• Royal Fern36"36"FineSpring-Summer
Osmunda cinnamomea• Cinnamon Fern36"36"FineSpring-Summer
Osmunda claytonia• Interrupted Fern24"-36"24"-36"FineSpring-Summer
Paeonia tenufolia fl. pl.Fernleaf Peony36"36"-48"FineEarly Summer
Papaver nudicaule var. croceum• Iceland Poppy18"12"FineEarly Summer
Parnassia caroliniana• Grass of Parnassus8"4"FineSpring-Summer
Phlox decussata• Phlox24"-48"24"-48"MediumSummer-Fall
Phlox divaricata• Wild Sweet William12"12"MediumEarly Summer
Phlox x procumbensCreeping Phlox4"12"MediumSpring
Primula japonicaJapanese Primrose24"24"MediumSpring
Pulsatilla vulgarisPasque Flower10"-12"12"MediumSpring
Ranunculus speciosus fl. pl.Creeping Buttercup18"12"MediumLate Summer
Rheum palmatumOrnamental Rhubarb84"72"CoarseEarly Summer
Rubus odoratus• Ornamental Raspberry72"72"Med.FineMidsummer
Rudbeckia laciniata var. hortensia• Golden Glow Coneflower24"-48"12"-24"MediumLate Summer
Rudbeckia maxima• Great Coneflower60"-72"30"-60"MediumLate Summer
Sanguinaria canadensis• Bloodroot12"-18"24"CoarseSpring
Saxifraga sp.Saxifrage, Rockfoil4"-8"12"Med.FineLate Spring
Scabiosa caucasicaPincushion-flower18"-24"18"Med.FineSummer
Sedum acreGold Moss Stone-crop1 1/2"CreepingFineSpring
Sedum spectabileSedum18"-24"18"-24"MediumSummer
Sempervivum arachnoideumCobweb House Leek3"6"MediumMidsummer
Sempervivum calcareumHouse Leek3"-4"6"MediumMidsummer
Solidago rigida• Stiff Goldenrod10"-60"8"-48"MediumMidsummer
Solidago shortii• Kentucky Wild Oats24"-36"18"-24"MediumMidsummer
Stipa pennataFeather Grass [zone 5]24"-36"24"-36"FineMidsummer
Symplocarpus foetidus• Skunk Cabbage18"18"CoarseEarly Spring
Thalictrum speciosissumMeadow Rue36"-60"36"-60"FineEarly Summer
Thymus serpyllum var. variegatusVariegated Thyme10"18"FineSpring-Summer
Trillium grandiflorum• Snow Trillium12-18"12-18"CoarseSpring
Tulipa gesnerianaTulip varieties [zone 5]6"-12"3"-6"MediumSpring
Tulipa suaveolensTulip varieties [zone 5]  MediumSpring
Typha latifolia• Cat Tails120" MediumSummer-Fall
Verbascum olympicumMullein [zone 5]48"-60"12"-24"Med.CoarseSummer
Vernonia noveboracensis• New York Ironweed [zone 5]48"-72"24"MediumLate Summer
Veronica longifolia var. subsessilisSpeedwell30" FineSummer
Veronia souriaVeronia12"-36"8"-24"MediumSpring-Summer
Viola pedataBird's-foot Violet2"-6"4"-8"MediumSpring
Yucca filamentosa• Yucca [zone 5]24"-48"24"-36"MediumEarly Summer
Zea mays var. curagua & japonicaOrnamental Corn120"48"MediumLate Summer
      
Perennial herbs • Native     
Arnica montana• Arnica12"-14"6"MediumSummer
      
Biennials     
Dianthus barbatusSweet William    
[self-sowing]1010"FineEarly Summer 
Shrubs • Native     
Acanthopanax sieboldianusFiveleaf Aralia8'-10'8'-10'MediumSummer
Amorpha sp.• False Indigo3'-12'3'-12'MediumEarly Summer
Aralia spinosa• Hercules Club30'15'CoarseSpring
Berberis thunbergiiBarberry3'-6'4'-7'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Berberis thunbergiiJapanese Barberry3'-6'4'-7'Med.FineSpring
Buxus sempervirens var. arborescensTree Box [zone5]15'-20'15'-20'FineEvergreen
Buxus sempervirens var. suffruticosaDwarf Box
(or other dwarf form) [zone5]
6"-3'"3'Med.FineEvergreen
Callicarpa japonicaJapanese Beauty-berry [zone 5]4'-6'4'-6'MediumSummer
Chamaecyparis pisifera aureaGolden Sawara Cypress10'10'FineEvergreen
Chaenomeles japonicaDwarf Japanese Quince6'-10'6'-10'MediumSpring
Cornus alba var. sibiricaRed-twigged Dogwood6'-9'5'-6'MediumWinter
Cornus obliqua• Pale Dogwood6'-10'6'-10'MediumSummer
Corylus maxima purpureaPurple Hazelnut15'-20'8'-12'Med.CoarseLate Summer
Daphne mezereumMezereum Daphne3'-5'3'-5'Med.FineSpring
Deutzia gracilisSlender deutzia2'-4'3'-4'Med. FineSpring
Elaeagnus multifloraCherry Elaeagnus, Gumi6'-10'6'-10'Med.FineSummer
Enkianthus campanulatusRedvein Enkianthus6'-8'4'-6'MediumSummer-Fall
Euonymus alatusWinged Euonymus15'-20'15'-20'MediumFall
Euonymus euroaeusEuropean Euonymus12'-30'10'-25'MediumSpring
Euonymus hamiltonianusYeddo Euonymus10'-15'10'-15'CoarseSummer-Fall
Fontanesia fortuneiFortune's fontanesia12'12'Med.Fine sSummer
Forsythia suspensa var. sieboldiiWeeping Forsythia8'-10'10'-15'MediumSpring
Fothergilla gardenii• Dwarf Fothergilla2'-3'3'-4'MediumSpring
Fothergilla major• Fothergilla6'-10'5'-8'MediumSpring
Genista tinctoriaDyer's Greenwood3'3'Med.FineSummer
Holodiscus discolor var. ariaefolius• Rock-spirea5'-206'-25'MediumSummer
Hydrangea paniculataPanicle Hydrangea10'-20'10'-20'CoarseSummer-Fall
Hydrangea paniculata grandifloraPeeGee Hydrangea10'-20'10'-20'CoarseSummer-Fall
Ilex rugosaProtrate Holly1-1 1/23'MediumSpring-Fall
Juniperus communis• Canadian Juniper4'6'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus communis var. hibernicaIrish Juniper10'15'12'-18'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus horizontalisCreeping Juniper1'-2'4'-8'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus procumbensProcumbent Juniper8"-12"10'-15'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus sabinaSavin Juniper4'-6'5'-10'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus sabina var. tamariscifoliaTamarix Savin18"10'-15'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus squamataHimalayan juniper6"-25'"variableMediumEvergreen
Laburnum anagyroidesCommon Laburnum25'25'Med.FineLate Spring
Laburnum x wateriWaterer laburnum25'25'Med.FineLate Spring
Lespedeza bicolorShrub Bush-clover6'-9'6'-9'MediumSummer
Ligustrum amurenseAmur Privet12'-15'8'-10'Med.FineSpring
Ligustrum obtusifoliumBorder Privet10'-12'12'-15'Med.FineSummer, Fall
Lindera benzoin• Spicebush6'-12'6'-12'MediumSpring, Fall
Lonicera canadensis• Fly Honeysuckle3'3'MediumSpring, Fall
Lonicera maackiiAmur Honeysuckle12'-15'12'-15'MediumSpring
Mahonia aquifolium• Holly grape [zone 5]6'6'MediumEvergreen
Philadelphus coronarius var. aureusDwarf Golden Mock-orange10'-20'10'-20'MediumEarly summer
Philadelphus x lemoinei var. avalancheMock Orange4'3'-4'MediumEarly summer
Phoenix canariensisCanary Island Date [potted]5'-10'5'-10'FineEarly Summer
Photinia villosaOriental Photinia10'-15'8'-12'MediumEarly Summer
Physocarpus opulifolius var. luteusNinebark variety8'-10'8'-10'MediumEarly Summer
Picea abies gregoryanaGregory's Dwarf Spruce   Evergreen
Pieris japonicaJapanese Pieris 18709'-12'6'-8'MediumSpring
Pinus aristataBristle-cone Pine 18618'-20'6'-15'MediumEvergreen
Pinus mugo var. compactaCompact Mugo30" MediumEvergreen
Pinus mugo mugoDark Mugo Pine8'16'MediumEvergreen
Pinus strobus nana var. glaucaLight Blue Dwarf White Pine2'-7'3'-10'MediumEvergreen
Pinus strobus 'Nana'Dwarf White Pine2'-7'3'-10'MediumEvergreen
Pinus sylvestris 'Nana'Dwarf Scotch Pine2'3'CoarseEvergreen
Prinsepia sinensisCherry Prinsepia6'-10'6'-10'MediumSpring-Summer
Prunus besseyi• Western Sand Cherry4'-6'4'-6'MediumSpring
Prunus glandulosaDwarf Flowering Almond4'-5'3'-4'MediumFall
Prunus tomentosaManchu Cherry6'-10'15'MediumSpring
Prunus trilobaDouble Flowering Plum12'-15'12'-15'MediumSpring
Rhododendron catawbiense• Catawba Rhododendron10'15'MediumSpring
Rhododendron maximum• Rosebay Rhododendron3'-15' MediumLate Spring
Rhododendron mucronulatumKorean Rhododendron4'-8'4'-8'Med.FineSpring
Rhododendron schlippenbachiiRoyal Azalea6'-8'6'-8'MediumLate Spring
Rhododendron vaseyi• Pinkshell Azalea5'-10'4'-8'MediumSpring
Rhodotypo s scandensBlack jetbead3'-6'4'-9'MediumSpring
Rhus glabra laciniataCut-leaf Sumac10'-15'10'-15'MediumFall
Rhus trilobata• Skunkbush Sumac3'-6'6'-10'MediumSummer-Fall
Rosa eglanteriaSweetbriar8'-10'5'-6'MediumSummer
Rosa chinensis var. crimsonCrimson Rambler  MediumSummer
Rosa 'Finbriata'Carnation Rose 18913'-4'3'-4'MediumSummer-Frost
Rosa 'General Jacqueminot'General Jacqueminot Rose
[zone 5] 1853
4'-6' MediumSummer
Rosa 'John Hopper'John Hopper Rose 1862  MediumSummer
Rosa multiflora Noxious weedMultiflora rose 18668'-15'10'-18'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Paul Neyron'Paul Neyron Rose 1877 [zone 5]4'3'MediumSummer
Rosa Reine des ViolettesQueen of the Violets 18603'3'MediumSummer-Frost
Rosa Rugosa 'Alba'White Rugosa 18706'6'MediumSummer-Frost
Rosa Rugosa 'Delicata'Rugosa Rose 18983'-4'3'-4'MediumSummer-Fall
R. Rugosa 'Belle Poitevine''Belle Poitevine' Rose 18943 1/2'-4'3.5' -4'MediumSummer-Fall
Rosa sericea pteracethaWingthorn Rose 18906'-8'5'-6'Med. FineLate Spring
Rosa setigeraClimbing Roses6'-12'8'-10'MediumSummer
Rosa wichurainaMemorial Rose 1891 [zone5] creepingMediumSummer
Salix caprea pendulaWeeping Kilmarnock Willow
[graft to standard]
 creepingFineSpring-Fall
Spiraea albifloraJapanese White Spirea2'-3'2'-3'Med. FineSummer
Spiraea x billiardiiBilliard Spirea6'6'Med. FineLate Summer
Spiraea bullataCrispleaf Spirea12"-15" MediumSummer
Spiraea x bumaldaBumalda Spirea2'-3'3'-5'Med. FineSummer
Spiraea x bumalda 'Anthony Waterer'Anthony Waterer Spirea2'-3'3'-5'Med.FineMidsummer
Spiraea cantoniensisReeve's Spirea4'-6'4'-6'MediumSpring
Spiraea japonicaJapanese Spirea4'-5'4'-5'MediumSpring
Spiraea japonica atrosanguieaMikado Spirea3'-4'3'-4'MediumSpring
Spiraea japonica macrophyllaJapanese Spirea cultivar3'3'MediumSpring-Fall
Spiraea japonica ovalifoliaMikado Spirea cultivar3'-4'3'-4'Med. FineMidsummer
Spiraea japonica var. ruberrimaRed-flowered Spirea5'5'MediumLate Spring
Spirea x micropetalaSmall-leaf Spirea 1878  Med. FineMidsummer
Spiraea prunifoliaBridalwreath Spirea4'-9'6'-8'MediumSpring
Spiraea x vanhoutteiVanhoutte Spirea6'-8'10'-12'MediumSpring
Stephanandra incisaCutleaf Stephanandra4'-7'5'-8'MediumEarly Summer
Symphocarpos albus• Common Snowberry3'-6'3'-6'MediumFall
Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus• Snowberry6'6'MediumFall
Symplocos paniculataSapphireberry10'-20'10'-20'MediumSummer
Syringa x chinensisChinese Lilac8'-15'8'-15'MediumSpring
Syringa vulgaris var. alphonseDouble Bluish Lilac8'-15'6'-12'MediumSpring
Tamarix parvifloraSmall flowered Tamarisk12'-15'10'-12'FineSpring-Fall
Tamarix pentandraFive-stamen Tamarisk [1883]15'10'FineLate Summer
Tsuga canadensis pendula• Sargent Weeping Hemlock10'-15'20'-30'FineEvergreen
Viburnum sargentiiSargent Viburnum12'-15'12'-15'CoarseSpring- Fall
Viburnum sieboldiiSiebold Viburnum15'-20'10'-15'CoarseSpring
Weigela florida 'candida'Old Fashioned Weigela6'-9'9'-12'MediumSummer
Weigela florida var. variegataVariegated Weigela10'10'MediumSummer
Weigela florida var. variegataVariegated Dwarf Weigela3'3'MediumSummer
WigandiaWigandia [potted]10'8'CoarseEvergreen
Xanthoceras sorbifoliumChinese Flowering Chestnut18'-24'18'-24'CoarseSpring
Vines     
Actinida argutaBower actinida25-30' MediumSpring-Fall
Actinidia kolomiktaKolomikta Actinidia15'-20' CoarseSpring-Fall
Actinidia polygamaSilver Vine15' CoarseSpring-Fall
Akebia quinataFive-leaf Akebia20'-40' Med.FineSpring
Ampelopsis aconitifoliaMonkshood Vine15'-25' Med.FineSummer-Fall
Ampelopsis brevipedunculataPorcelain Ammpelopsis10'-25' Med.CoarseSummer-Fall
Campsis grandiflora• Chinese Trumpetcreeper30' MediumSummer-Fall
Celastrus orbiculatusAsiatic Bittersweet20'-30' MediumSpring
Clematis x jackmaniiJackman Clematis5'-18' MediumSummer
Clematis x jackmaniiGypsy Queen,
Madame Edouard Andre,
Mrs. Cholmondeley,
5'-18' MediumSummer
Clematis x jouinianaJouin Clematis6'-10' Coarse 
Clematis lanuginosaNingpo Clematis5'-18' MediumSummer
Clematis lanuginosaLord Neville, Romona
W.E. Gladstone,
Perle d' Azur,
Lady Caroline Neville,
5'-18' MediumSummer
Clematis x lawsoniana var. henryiHenry Clematis5'-18' MediumSummer
"Clematis patens 'Sir G. Wolsely',
Edouard Desfoe'"
Lilac Clematis hybrids5'-18' MediumSummer
Clematis tanguticaGolden Clematis5'-18' MediumSummer
Lablab purpureaHyacinth Bean
[zone 9, grow as annual, is edible]
20' MediumSummer
Lonicera japonica hallianaHall's White Honeysuckle15'-30' MediumSummer-Fall
Lonicera japonica var. repensJapanese Honeysuckle15'-30' MediumSummer-Fall
Lonicera periclymenum var. belgicaDutch Woodbine [toxic]20' Medium 
Lonicera sempervirens• Trumpet Honeysuckle10'-20' MediumSummer
Pachysandra terminalisJapanese Spurge 18826"-12"spreadingMediumEvergreen
Parthenocissus tricuspidataBoston Ivy30'-50' MediumSummer Fall
Parthenocissus tricuspidata var. veitchiiPurple Japan Ivy6'-10' Medium 
Polygonum aubertiSilver Lace Vine10'-15' MediumSummer
Polygonum baldschuanicumMile-a-minute Vine10'-15' MediumSummer
Thunbergia alataBlack-eyed Susan [annual]10' MediumSummer-Fall
      
Trees • Native     
Abies concolor• White Fir30'-50'15'-30'MediumEvergreen
Abies homolepsisNikko Fir30'-50'20'-35'MediumEvergreen
Abies veitchiiVeitch Fir50'-75'25'-35'MediumEvergreen
Acer ginnalaAmur Maple15'-18'15'-18'Med. FineSpring, Fall
Acer miyabeMiyabe Maple 189230'-40'25'-35'MediumSpring, Fall
Acer platanoidesNorway Maple 185840'-60'35'-50'MediumSpring-Fall
Acer rubrum• Red maple40'-60'35'-50'MediumSpring-Fall
Aesculus x carneaRed Horsechestnut30'-40'25'-35'Med.CoarseSpring
Alnus firmaJapan Alder60'-75'50'-65'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Alnus glutinosa var. imperialisBlack Alder40'-60'20'-40'Medium4 Season
Amelanchier x grandiflora• Apple Serviceberry15'-25'12'-22'MediumSpring
Amelanchier laevis• Allegheny Serviceberry15'-25'12'-20'MediumSpring, Fall
Betula pendulaSilver Birch40'-50'20'-35'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Betula pendula 'Laciniata'Weeping Birch 185830'-50'25'-45'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Betula pendula var. purpureaPurple European Birch40'-50'20'-35'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Castanea mollissimaChinese Chestnut40'-60'40'-60'MediumSpring-Fall
Cercidiphyllum japonicumKatsuratree40'-60'40'-60'Med.FineSpring-Fall
Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera pendulaSawara Cypress cultivar6'-8'4'-5'FineEvergreen
C. pisifera var. plumosaPlume Falsecypress20'10'-20'FineEvergreen
Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosaMoss Sawara Falsecypress65'10'-20'MediumEvergreen
Crataegus nitida• Glossy Hawthorn30'40'MediumSpring, Fall
Euonymus bungeanusWinterberry Euonymus18'-24'15'-20'MediumFall
Fagus sylvaticaEuropean Beech50'-60'35'-45'MediumSummer
Fagus sylvatica var. atropurpuniceaPurple Beech50'-60'35'-45'MediumSummer
Fagus sylvatica pendulaWeeping European Beech50'-60'60'-70'MediumSummer
Fraxinus mandshuricaManchurian Ash40'-50'20'-25'MediumFall
Ginko biloba variegataGinkgo variety50'-80'30'-40'Med.CoarseSummer
Halesia diptera• Two-winged Snowdrop20'-30'15'-25'MediumSpring
Juniperus virginiana glauca• Silver Red Cedar25'8'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus virginiana pendula• Weeping Red Cedar40'15'MediumEvergreen
Juniperus virginiana var. venusta• Red Cedar variety25'5'MediumEvergreen
Larix decidua pendulaWeeping Larch12'12'Med.FineFall
Larix gmeliniiDahurian Larch60'30'FineFall
Maackia amurensisAmur Maackie20'-30'20'-30'MediumLate Summer
Magnolia kobusKobus Magnolia30'-40'15'-25'Med.CoarseSpring
Magnolia stellattaStar Magnolia15'-20'10'-15'MediumEarly Spring
Magnolia x soulangianaSaucer Magnolia25'15'MediumSpring
Magnolia x soulangiana 'lennei'Lenne's Magnolia25'15'MediumSpring
Magnolia x soulangiana var. norbertianaSaucer Magnolia cultivar25'15'MediumSpring
Malus coronariaGarland Crabapple20'-30'25'-35'MediumSpring
Malus floribundaJapanese Crabapple 186215'-25'15'-25'MediumSpring
Malus halliana parkmaniiParkman Crabapple15'-18'15'-18'MediumSpring
Malus ioensis plenaBechtel Crabapple 188820'-30'20'-30'MediumSpring
Malus sargentiiSargent Crabapple 189210'-18'10'-18'MediumSpring
Malus sieboldiiToringo Dwarf Crab10'-15'10'-15'MediumSpring
Malus spectabilis var. riversiiRiver's Crabapple30'30'MediumSpring
Morus alba pendulaTea's Mulberry15'-20'15'-20'MediumSpring-Summer
Paxistima canbyi• Canby Paxistima1'3'-5'FineEvergreen
Phellodendron amurenseAmur Corktree30'-45'30'-50'MediumSummer, Fall
Picea abies inversaWeeping Norway Spruce1.5'3.5 'MediumEvergreen
Picea abies virgata elataNorway Spruce variety   Evergreen
Picea engelmanniiEngelmann Spruce40'-50'10'-15"MediumEvergreen
Picea glauca var. gloriosaGolden Spruce   Evergreen
Picea omorikaSerbian Spruce50'-60'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Picea pungens• Colorado Spruce30'-60'10'-20'Med.CoarseEvergreen
Pinus aristata• Bristlecone Pine8'-40'4'-25''MediumEvergreen
Pinus cembraSwiss Stone Pine 187530'-40'15'-25'MediumEvergreen
Pinus densifloraJapanese Red Pine 185440'-60'40'-60'MediumEvergreen
Pinus densiflora var. oculus-draconisDragon's Eye Pine   Evergreen
Pinus albicaulis• White Bark Pine20'-30'20'-30'MediumEvergreen
Pinus koraiensisKorean Pine30'-40'25'-35'MediumEvergreen
Pinus mugo var. rostrataMugo Pine Tree75'  Evergreen
Pinus nigra var. cebennensisCevennes Pyrenean PineSmall  Evergreen
Pinus parvifloraJapanese White Pine25'-50'25'-50'MediumEvergreen
Pinus peuceMacedonian Pine30'-60'15'-30'MediumEvergreen
Pinus thumbergiiJapanese Black Pine20'-80'20'-40'MediumEvergreen
Populus balsamiferaBalsam Poplar30'-100' Med.CoarseSummer
Prunus sp.Doubleflowering Plums10'-12'10'-12'MediumSpring-Fall
Prunus cerasifera atropurpureaPissard Plum 188515'-30'15'-30'MediumSpring
Prunus maackiiAmur Chokecherry35'-45'35'-45'MediumSpring
Prunus spinosa fl. pl.Sloe, Blackthorn12'-15' MediumSpring
Prunus trilobaFlowering Almond12'-15'MediumSpring-FallSpring-Fall
Pseudolarix amabilisGolden Larch30'-50'20'-40'MediumFall
Pterostyrax hispidaFragrant Epaulettree20'-30'30'-45'Med.CoarseSpring-Fall
Quercus robur concordiaGolden Oak30'30'MediumFall
Quercus robur var. fastigiataPyramidal Golden Oak120'60'-80'MediumFall
Quercus robur pendulaWeeping English Oak45'45'MediumSummer-Fall
Robinia pseaudoacaciaFalse Acacia80'60'FineEarly Summer
Salix alba 'Britzenis'Coral Bark willow75'-100'50'-100'FineSpring-Fall
Salix alba var. serceaRoyal Willow40'-60'40'-60'FineSpring-Fall
Salix alba var. 'Vitellina'Golden Willow80'70'FineSpring-Fall
Salix babylonicaWeeping Willow50'50'FineSpring-Fall
Salix babylonica var. aureaGolden Willow30'-40'30'-40'FineSpring-Fall
Salix x blanda• Wisconsin Weeping Willow40'40'FineSummer
Salix pentandraLaurel-leaf Willow30'-35'25'-30'FineSpring-Fall
Sophora japonica pendulaJapan Weeping Sophora15'-25' Med.FineSummer
Sorbus alnifoliaKorean Mountainash40'-50'20'-30'MediumFall
Syringa reticulataJapanese Tree Lilac 187620'-30'15'-25'MediumSummer
Syringa pekinensisPekin Lilac15'-20'12'-15'MediumSummer
Taxus cuspidataJapanese Yew 185310'-40'10'-40'MediumEvergreen
Taxus cuspidata 'nana'Dwarf Japanese Yew10'-20'10'-20'MediumEvergreen
Tilia mongolicaMongolian Linden30'30'MediumFall
Tilia platphyllos var. aureaGolden-Barked Linden60'-80'30'-40'MediumSummer
Tilia platyphyllos var. rubraRed-twigged Linden60'-80'30'-60'MediumSummer
Tsuga caroliniana• Carolina Hemlock45'-60'20'-25'MediumEvergreen
Tsuga canadensis var. 'fremdii'• Canadian Hemlock cultivar40'-70'25'-35'FineEvergreen
Tsuga canadensis var. 'globosa• Canadian Hemlock cult.  FineEvergreen
Tsuga canadensis var. macrophylla• Canadian Hemlock cult.  FineEvergreen
Ulmus glabra camperdowniiCamperdown Elm15'-25'20'-30'Med. FineSummer-Fall
Ulmus pumilaSiberian Elm50'-70'35'-50'MediumFall

Plants Introduced 1900 -1950 [zone 4]     
Scientific nameCommon name and date
introduced, if known
HeightSpreadTextureSeasonal interest
Annuals     
Canna 'Roi Humbert'Roi Humbert Canna 191448'-60"24"CoarseSummer
Celosia argentia Chidsii GroupCelosia 192736"24"MediumSummer
Cosmos bipinnatusMexican Aster 190848"-60"24"-48"Med.FineSummer-Fall
Kniphofia 'Pfitzeri'Red-hot Poker 190524"-60"24"MediumLate Summer
Kochia scopariaFireweed 190012"-84"12"-72"FineSummer
Lathyrus odoratus 'America'Sweet Pea72"VineMediumSummer
Lobularia maritima 'Little Gem'Alyssum 'Little Gem' 19083"-12"8"-12"FineSpring-Fall
      
Papaver rhoeas 'American Legion'Flanders Poppy 192718"-24"12"-18"Med.FineEarly Summer
Petunia 'Rosy Morn'Petunia 19276" MediumSummer-Fall
PennisetumFountain grass36"-48"36"-48"MediumLate Summer
      
Perennials     
Anchusa azureaItalian Alkanet 192536"-48"24"Med.CoarseSpring-Summer
Coreopsis lanceolata• Coreopsis 190824"18"Med.FineEarly Summer
Delphinium 'Belladonna'Belladonna Delphinium48"18"Med.FineSummer
Hosta Fortunei 'Albopicta'Albopicta [white center]18"-28"24"-36"CoarseLate Summer
Hosta plantaginea 'Honeybells'August lily 'Honeybells' 195030"36"CoarseLate summer
Iris setosa subs. Canadensis• Canada Iris18"-24"12"MediumEarly Summer
Lilium lancifolium 'Flore Pleno''Flore Pleno' Lily 191448"-60"24"-36"MediumSummer-Fall
Paeonia 'Felix Crousse'Chinese Peony 192524"-36"24"-36"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Karl Rosenfeld'Karl Rosenfeld Peony 192524"-36"24"-36"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Monsieur Jules Elie''Monsieur Jules Elie' Peony 192536"36"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Albert Crousse''Albert Crousse' Peony28"18"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Felix Crousse''Felix Crousse' Peony 191928"18"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Karl Rosenfeld''Karl Rosenfeld' Peony 191936"36"MediumEarly Summer
Paeonia 'Louis Van Houtte'Louis Van Houtte' Peony 192124"-36"24"-36"MediumEarly Summer
Perovskia atriplicifoliaRussian Sage36"-60"36"-60"FineLate Summer
      
Perennial Grasses*     
Alopecurus pratensis• Yellow foxtail12"-18"12"-18"MediumSpring-Fall
Andropogon gerardii• Big Bluestem5'-8'5'-8'FineSummer-Winter
Andropogon virginicus• Broom sedge4'4'FineFall
Bothriochloa saccharoides• Silver beardgrass3'-4'3'-4'FineFall-Winter
Bouteloua curtipendula• Side oats grama12"-30"12"-30"FineSummer
Bouteloua gracilis• Blue grama8"-24"8"-15"FineSummer
Calamagrostis canadensis• Bluejoint48"60"FineSummer
Carex digitaFingered sedge10'10"FineSummer
Carex eburnia12"12"Very FineSummer
Carex flaccosperma• (zone 5)12"12"MediumSummer
Carex muskingumensis• Palm sedge24"-30"24"FineSpring-Fall
Carex pensylvanica• Pennsylvania sedge8"-12"8"-12"FineSpring-Fall
Carex stricta• Tussock sedge24"-36"24"-36"FineSummer
Chasmanthium latifolium• Northern seaoats [zone 5]36"-48"36"-48"CoarseSummer-Fall
Deschampsia caespitosa• Tufted hairgrass36"-48"36"-48"Fine 
Deschampsia flexuosa• Crinkled hair grass24"24"FineMidsummer
Elymus Canadensis• Canada wild rye36"-72"36"-72"CoarseSummer
Elymu hystrix• Eastern bottlebrush30"-36"30"-36"MediumSummer
Eragrostis trichodes• Sand lovegrass40"-45"40"-45"FineSummer
Fargesia murielaeUmbrella bamboo 190772"72"MediumSummer
Festuca idahoensis• Blue bunchgrass14"14"FineSummer
Hesperostipa spartea• Needle grass36"36"FineSummer
Hierochloa odorata• Vanilla grass24"24"FineSummer
Hordeum juatum• Foxtail barley30"30"FineSummer
Hystrix patula• Bottle-brush grass36"36"FineSummer-Fall
Leymus arenariusLyme grass36"-48"36"-48"MediumSummer
Leymus mollis• American dune grass36"-48"36"-48"MediumSummer
Molinia caeruleaPurple moor grass36"36"FineMidsummer
Panicum virgatum• Switch grass48"-96"36"-72"MediumSummer
Schizachyrium scoparium• Little bluestem24"-48"18"-36"FineSummer-Fall
Schoenoplectus subterminalis• Swaying-rush [under water plant]60"60"FineSummer
Scirpus atrovirens• Willdenow (wet prairie)"To 60"60"MediumSummer-Fall
Scirpus cyperinus• Wool grass (wet prairie)"To 60"60"MediumSummer-Winter
Sorghastrum nutans• Indian grass (tall prairie)"To 84"48"MediumSummer-Winter
Spartina pectinata• Prairie cord grass (marsh)84"72"MediumSummer
Sporobolus heterolepsis• Prairie dropseed15"15"FineSummer-Winter
Tridens flavus• Purpletop, Tall redtop48"48"CoarseSummer-Fall
Typha angustifoliaNarrow-leaved cat-tail72"24"MediumSummer-Winter
Typha latifoliaCommon cat-tail"To 120"36"CoarseSummer-Winter
Zizania aquaticaWild rice [pond garden]"To 108"72"CoarseSummer
      
Shrubs     
Amelanchier alnifolia• Saskatoon Serviceberry6'-10'6'-12'MediumSummer
Berberis koreanaKorean Barberry4'-6'3'-5'MediumSpring-Fall
Berberis x ottawensis• Ottawa Barberry6'6'FineSpring-Fall
Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpureaPurple Japanese Barberry3'-6'4'-7'Med.FineSpring
Buddleia davidiiButterfly Bush 192012'12'MediumLate Summer
Caragana maximowiczianaMaximovicz Peashrub3'-6'4 1/2'-12'MediumSpring
Cornus stolonifera• Red-Osier Dogwood 19146'-10'6'-10'FineSpring-Winter
Cotoneaster multiflorusMany-flower cotoneaster8'-12'12'-15'MediumSpring
Cotoneaster racemilflorus 'soongoricus'Sungari Redbead Cotoneaster8'-1212'-15'MediumSpring, Fall
Cotoneaster apiculatusCranberry Cotoneaster3'3'-6'FineFall
Cotoneaster divaricatusSpreading Cotoneaster5'-6'6'-8'FineFall
Var koreana x B. sempervirensBoxwood2'-4'2'-4'FineEvergreen
Deutzia scabraDeutzia scabra10'15'MediumEarly Summer
Forsythia ovataEarly Forsythia6'8'-10'MediumEarly Spring
Hamamelis vernalis• Vernal Witchhazel6'-10'8'-12'MediumSpring, Fall
Juniperus x pfitzerianaPfitzer Juniper 192512"-18"6'MediumEvergreen
Kolwitzia amabilisBeautybush6'-10'5'-9'MediumSpring
Ligustrum amurenseAmur Privet 192512'-15'10'Med.FineEvergreen
Ligustrum x vicaryi 'storzinger'Golden Privet10'-12'10'-12'Med.FineSummer
Lonicera maximowiczii 'SachalinensisSakhalin Honeysuckle 19176'-8'6'-8'MediumSpring
Microbiota decussataRussian Arborvitae12'15'MediumEvergreen
Physocarpus opulifolius• Ninebark4'-10'4'-10'MediumEarly Summer
Prunus x cistenaPurpleleaf Sandcherry 19107'-10'5'-8'MediumSpring-Fall
Rhododendron 'P.J.M.'P.J.M. Rhododendron 19433'-6'3'-6'MediumSpring
Rosa 'Aglaia''Aglaia' Rose 1901Climber  Summer
      
Rosa omeiensisOmei Rose10'-15'10'-15'FineSummer
Rosa 'Adelaide Hoodless'• Prairie Rose5'-6'5'-6'MediumSummer-Frost
R. 'Frau Dagmar Hartopp'Frau Dagmar Hartopp 19142'-3'4'-5'MediumSummer-Frost
R. 'FrühlingsgoldFrülingsgold 19375'-7'5'-7'MediumEarly Summer
R. FrülingsmorgenFrülingsmorgen 19425'-6'3.5'-4'MediumEarly Summer
R. 'Max Graf'Max Graf 19192'-2.5'8'-10'Med. FineMidsummer
R. Rugosa HansaHansa Rose 19054'-5'5'-6'MediumSummer-Frost
R. 'Scabrosa'Scabrosa 19505'-6'4'-5'MediumSummer-Frost
R. 'Schneezwerg'Schneezwerg 19123'-4'3'-4'MediumSummer-Frost
R. 'Therese Bugnet'Therese Bugnet 19505'-6'4'-5'MediumSummer-Frost
Rosa 'Dorothy Perkins''Dorothy Perkins' Rose 1901 ClimberMediumSummer
Rosa 'F.J. Grootendorst'F.J.Grootendorst Rose 19185'-6'4'-5'MediumSummer
Rosa 'Scabrosa'Scabrosa Rose 19503'-4'3'-4'MediumSummer
Rudbeckia laciniata 'Golden Glow'Cutleaf Coneflower 190872"48"-60"MediumSummer
Rugosa rosa 'Belle Poitvine'Rugosa Rose3 1/2'-4'3 1/2'-4'MediumSummer
Syringa meyeriMeyer Lilac 19084'-8'6'-10'Med. FineSpring
Syringa microphyllaLittleleaf Lilac 19106'9'-12'MediumSummer-Fall
Syringa patulaManchurian Lilac 19023'-6'3'-5'Med. FineSpring
Syringa oblataEarly Lilac 19174'-8'5'-10'Med. FineSpring
Viburnum rafinesquianumDowny Arrowwood6'6'MediumSpring-Fall
      
Vines     
Clematis 'Madame Edouard Andre'Clematis 19056'-8' MediumSummer
Tripterygium regeliiRegels Threewingnut 190430' Med.CoarseSummer
Wisteria sinensisChinese Wisteria 1908 [zone 5]100' MediumLate Spring
      
Trees • Native     
Acer mandchuricumManchurian Maple 190430'-40'25'-35'MediumFall
Acer triflorumThree-leaf Maple 192320'-30'20'-30'MediumFall
Acer pseudosieboldianumKorean Maple 190315'-25'15'-25'Med. FineFall
Aesculus arguta• Texas Buckeye15'-20'15'-20'Med.CoarseSpring, Fall
Castanea mollissimaChinese Chestnut40'-60'40'-60'MediumSummer
Catalpa bungeiBeijing Catalpa 191925'25'CoarseSummer
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis• Alaska Cedar100'25'MediumEvergreen
Malus ioensis 'Plena'Iowa Crab 191920'25'MediumLate Spring
Picea glauca 'Densata'Black Hills Spruce20'-40'15'-25'MediumEvergreen
Populus jackiiJacky Poplar30'-100'15'-45'MediumSummer
Populus tremula 'Erecta'Upright European Aspen70'-90'10'-15'MediumSummer
Prunus mandshuricaManchurian Apricot15'-20'15'-20'MediumSpring
* Grasses listed are identified by date introduced or are native.
This is following the assumption that by this time most native plants in America are identified and in use.
Non-native grasses, where positive dates are not known may be in use at this time but are not included in this chart.